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Author |
A. Baranov, R. Tenzer, A. Morelli |
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Title |
Updated Antarctic crustal model |
Type |
Journal |
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Year |
2021 |
Publication |
Gondwana Research |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
89 |
Issue |
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Pages |
1-18 |
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Keywords  |
Antarctica Crustal structure Gondwana Sediments |
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Abstract |
We use seismic data together with a subglacial bedrock relief from the BEDMAP2 database to obtain a new three-layer model of the consolidated (crystalline) crust of Antarctica that locally improves the global seismic crustal model CRUST1.0. We collect suitable data for constructing crustal layers, analyse them and build maps of the crustal layer thickness and seismic velocities. We use the subglacial relief according to a tectonic configuration and then interpolate data using a statistical kriging method. The P-wave velocity information from old seismic profiles have been supplemented with the new shear-wave velocity models. We adjust the thickness of crustal layers by multiplying a total crustal thickness by a percentage ratio of each individual layer at each point. Our results reveal large variations in seismic velocities between different crustal blocks forming Antarctica. The most pronounced differences exist between East and West Antarctica. In East Antarctica, a high P-wave velocity (vP > 7 km/s) layer in the lower crust is absent. The P-wave velocity in the lower crust changes from 6.1 km/s beneath the Lambert Rift to 6.9 km/s beneath the Wilkes Basin. In West Antarctica, a thick mafic lower crust is characterized by large P-wave velocities, ranging from 7.0 km/s under the Ross Sea to 7.3 km/s under the Byrd Basin. In contrast, velocities in the lower crust beneath the Transantarctic and Ellsworth-Whitmore Mountains are ~6.8 km/s. The P-wave velocities in the upper crust in East Antarctica are within the range 5.5–6.4 km/s. The upper crust of West Antarctica is characterized by the P-wave velocities of 5.6–6.3 km/s. The P-wave velocities in the middle crust vary within 5.9–6.6 km/s in East Antarctica and within 6.3–6.5 km/s in West Antarctica. A low-velocity layer (5.8–5.9 km/s) is detected at depth of ~20–25 km beneath the Princes Elizabeth Land. |
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133 |
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1342-937X |
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yes |
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Serial |
7994 |
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Author |
Andrés Barbosa, Arvind Varsani, Virginia Morandini, Wray Grimaldi, Ralph E. T. Vanstreels, Julia I. Diaz, Thierry Boulinier, Meagan Dewar, Daniel González-Acuña, Rachael Gray, Clive R. McMahon, Gary Miller, Michelle Power, Amandine Gamble, Michelle Wille |
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Title |
Risk assessment of SARS-CoV-2 in Antarctic wildlife |
Type |
Journal |
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Year |
2021 |
Publication |
Science of The Total Environment |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
755 |
Issue |
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Pages |
143352 |
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Keywords |
Antarctica Coronavirus COVID-19 Mitigation measures Reverse zoonoses Transmission |
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Abstract |
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This pathogen has spread rapidly across the world, causing high numbers of deaths and significant social and economic impacts. SARS-CoV-2 is a novel coronavirus with a suggested zoonotic origin with the potential for cross-species transmission among animals. Antarctica can be considered the only continent free of SARS-CoV-2. Therefore, concerns have been expressed regarding the potential human introduction of this virus to the continent through the activities of research or tourism to minimise the effects on human health, and the potential for virus transmission to Antarctic wildlife. We assess the reverse-zoonotic transmission risk to Antarctic wildlife by considering the available information on host susceptibility, dynamics of the infection in humans, and contact interactions between humans and Antarctic wildlife. The environmental conditions in Antarctica seem to be favourable for the virus stability. Indoor spaces such as those at research stations, research vessels or tourist cruise ships could allow for more transmission among humans and depending on their movements between different locations the virus could be spread across the continent. Among Antarctic wildlife previous in silico analyses suggested that cetaceans are at greater risk of infection whereas seals and birds appear to be at a low infection risk. However, caution needed until further research is carried out and consequently, the precautionary principle should be applied. Field researchers handling animals are identified as the human group posing the highest risk of transmission to animals while tourists and other personnel pose a significant risk only when in close proximity (< 5 m) to Antarctic fauna. We highlight measures to reduce the risk as well as identify of knowledge gaps related to this issue. |
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1151 |
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ISSN |
0048-9697 |
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yes |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
7960 |
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Author |
R. Olmi, M. Bittelli, G. Picard, L. Arnaud, A. Mialon, S. Priori |
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Title |
Investigating the influence of the grain size and distribution on the macroscopic dielectric properties of Antarctic firn |
Type |
Journal |
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Year |
2021 |
Publication |
Cold Regions Science and Technology |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
185 |
Issue |
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Pages |
103254 |
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Keywords |
Antarctica Close−off Dielectric measurements Dielectric model Firn Full wave EM simulations Ice cores |
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Abstract |
This study is based on the analysis of detailed measurements of firn dielectric properties performed in Antarctica through coring down to 106 m. Dielectric measurements in the frequency band (0.4–2.5 GHz) have been carried out using an open−resonator probe. Density was also measured for the same samples. The experimental results confirmed the well−known dependence of the real part of permittivity ε′ on depth and density, showing an increase of ε′ with density. The imaginary part also increases with depth with a rather complex dependence on frequency, probably due to the presence of salts or impurities. The analysis of the experimental data was performed by implementing 3D and 2D full wave numerical models, to simulate a mixture of firn crystals at prescribed densities, corresponding to the measured densities on the ice cores. The numerical analysis of the ensemble of inclusions showed that the usual symmetric formulae used for modeling ice dielectric properties agree with the average results of the simulation, but they are not able to explain the spreading of the measured data at given density. A dielectric model was then developed allowing for quantification of the dependence of dielectric properties on density, by combining two models: one consisting in firn crystals into an air host, the other assuming the presence of air inclusions into a homogeneous firn host. The weighted equation is based on the volume fraction. A simple geometric shape (ellipsoidal) is assumed for both ice crystals and air inclusions. This kind of shape is reasonable for the purpose of the dielectric study. The result is a mixture, smoothly changing from firn particles in air (low density) to air bubbles in an ice matrix (high density). A statistical analysis has been accomplished to investigate the dependence of the dielectric properties on the geometrical arrangement of the inclusions. For that purpose, a large number of simulations with different arrangements (micro−states) giving rise to the same average density (macro−states) has been carried out. The permittivity change due to micro−state variability appears to be at least two−three times the model variation due to density alone, and comparable to the measured variability at a given depth, suggesting that firn structure has a significant effect on the dielectric properties. |
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Programme |
1110 |
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ISSN |
0165-232X |
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yes |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
7995 |
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Author |
Camille Moreau, Quentin Jossart, Bruno Danis, Marc Eléaume, Henrik Christiansen, Charlène Guillaumot, Rachel Downey, Thomas Saucède |
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Title |
The high diversity of Southern Ocean sea stars (Asteroidea) reveals original evolutionary pathways |
Type |
Journal |
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Year |
2021 |
Publication |
Progress in oceanography |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
190 |
Issue |
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Pages |
102472 |
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Keywords |
Antarctica Biodiversity COI mtDNA Echinodermata Evolution Phylogeography |
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Abstract |
Benthic life in the Southern Ocean (SO) features unique life history traits and species assemblages, but the origin and evolution of many of these taxonomic groups is still unclear. Sea stars (Asteroidea) are a diversified and abundant component of benthic ecosystems in the SO, in which they can play key ecological roles. Former studies suggest that the diversity of the entire class is still poorly known and underestimated, hampering the assessment of the origin and evolution of the class in the SO. In the present study, we analyse spatial patterns of SO sea star diversity using an occurrence database of ~14,000 entries. The biogeographic analysis is coupled with the exploration of an extensive molecular phylogeny based on over 4,400 specimen sequences to inform, support and/or question the observed diversity patterns. We show that the current taxonomy of SO asteroids needs revision and that their diversity has generally been overlooked and misinterpreted. Molecular results highlight the recent diversification of most studied taxa, at genus and species levels, which supports an evolutionary scenario referring to successive invasion and exchange events between the SO and adjacent regions, and clade diversification during periods of rapid environmental changes driven by the succession of glacial cycles. Our work advocates for employing, and endorsing the use of extensive genetic barcode libraries for biodiversity studies. |
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Programme |
1044,1124 |
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Thesis |
Bachelor's thesis |
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ISSN |
0079-6611 |
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yes |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
8183 |
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Author |
Jonathan D. Wille, Vincent Favier, Irina V. Gorodetskaya, Cécile Agosta, Christoph Kittel, Jai Chowdhry Beeman, Nicolas C. Jourdain, Jan T. M. Lenaerts, Francis Codron |
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Title |
Antarctic Atmospheric River Climatology and Precipitation Impacts |
Type |
Journal |
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Year |
2021 |
Publication |
Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
126 |
Issue |
8 |
Pages |
e2020JD033788 |
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Keywords |
Antarctica atmospheric rivers climatology meteorology |
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Abstract |
The Antarctic ice sheet (AIS) is sensitive to short-term extreme meteorological events that can leave long-term impacts on the continent's surface mass balance (SMB). We investigate the impacts of atmospheric rivers (ARs) on the AIS precipitation budget using an AR detection algorithm and a regional climate model (Modèle Atmosphérique Régional) from 1980 to 2018. While ARs and their associated extreme vapor transport are relatively rare events over Antarctic coastal regions (∼3 days per year), they have a significant impact on the precipitation climatology. ARs are responsible for at least 10% of total accumulated snowfall across East Antarctica (localized areas reaching 20%) and a majority of extreme precipitation events. Trends in AR annual frequency since 1980 are observed across parts of AIS, most notably an increasing trend in Dronning Maud Land; however, interannual variability in AR frequency is much larger. This AR behavior appears to drive a significant portion of annual snowfall trends across East Antarctica, while controlling the interannual variability of precipitation across most of the AIS. AR landfalls are most likely when the circumpolar jet is highly amplified during blocking conditions in the Southern Ocean. There is a fingerprint of the Southern Annular Mode (SAM) on AR variability in West Antarctica with SAM+ (SAM−) favoring increased AR frequency in the Antarctic Peninsula (Amundsen-Ross Sea coastline). Given the relatively large influence ARs have on precipitation across the continent, it is advantageous for future studies of moisture transport to Antarctica to consider an AR framework especially when considering future SMB changes. |
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Programme |
411 |
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ISSN |
2169-8996 |
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Approved |
yes |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
8327 |
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Author |
Camille Moreau, Baptiste Le Bourg, Piotr Balazy, Bruno Danis, Marc Eléaume, Quentin Jossart, Piotr Kuklinski, Gilles Lepoint, Thomas Saucède, Anton Van de Putte, Loïc N. Michel |
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Title |
Trophic markers and biometric measurements in Southern Ocean sea stars (1985–2017) |
Type |
Journal |
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Year |
2021 |
Publication |
Ecology |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
103 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
e3611 |
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Keywords |
Antarctica Asteroidea benthos biometric measurements Echinodermata elemental contents invertebrates marine ecosystems sea stars Southern Ocean stable isotopes subantarctic Islands |
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Abstract |
Sea stars (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) are a key component of Southern Ocean benthos, with 16% of the known sea star species living there. In temperate marine environments, sea stars commonly play an important role in food webs, acting as keystone species. However, trophic ecology and functional role of Southern Ocean sea stars are still poorly known, notably due to the scarcity of large-scale studies. Here, we report 24,332 trophic marker (stable isotopes and elemental contents of C, N, and S of tegument and/or tube feet) and biometric (arm length, disk radius, arm to disk ratio) measurements in 2,456 specimens of sea stars. Samples were collected between 12 January 1985 and 8 October 2017 in numerous locations along the Antarctic littoral and subantarctic islands. The spatial scope of the data set covers a significant portion of the Southern Ocean (47.717° S to 86.273° S; 127.767° W to 162.201° E; depth, 6–5,338 m). The data set contains 133 distinct taxa, including 72 currently accepted species spanning 51 genera, 20 families, and multiple feeding guilds/functional groups (suspension feeders, sediment feeders, omnivores, predators of mobile or sessile prey). For 505 specimens, mitochondrial CO1 genes were sequenced to confirm and/or refine taxonomic identifications, and those sequences are already publicly available through the Barcode of Life Data System. This number will grow in the future, as molecular analyses are still in progress. Overall, thanks to its large taxonomic, spatial, and temporal extent, as well as its integrative nature (combining genetic, morphological, and ecological data), this data set can be of wide interest to Southern Ocean ecologists, invertebrate zoologists, benthic ecologists, and environmental managers dealing with associated areas. Please cite this data paper in research products derived from the data set, which is freely available without copyright restrictions. |
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1044 |
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ISSN |
1939-9170 |
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yes |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
8445 |
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Author |
Mark A. Hindell, Clive R. McMahon, Ian Jonsen, Robert Harcourt, Fernando Arce, Christophe Guinet |
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Title |
Inter- and intrasex habitat partitioning in the highly dimorphic southern elephant seal |
Type |
Journal |
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Year |
2021 |
Publication |
Ecology and Evolution |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
11 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
1620-1633 |
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Keywords |
Antarctic Shelf foraging and diving behavior Kerguelen Plateau mid-year haul out predation risk Southern Ocean |
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Abstract |
Partitioning resources is a key mechanism for avoiding intraspecific competition and maximizing individual energy gain. However, in sexually dimorphic species it is difficult to discern if partitioning is due to competition or the different resource needs of morphologically distinct individuals. In the highly dimorphic southern elephant seal, there are intersexual differences in habitat use; at Iles Kerguelen, males predominantly use shelf waters, while females use deeper oceanic waters. There are equally marked intrasexual differences, with some males using the nearby Kerguelen Plateau, and others using the much more distant Antarctic continental shelf ( 2,000 km away). We used this combination of inter and intrasexual behavior to test two hypotheses regarding habitat partitioning in highly dimorphic species. (a) that intersexual differences in habitat use will not appear until the seals diverge in body size and (b) that some habitats have higher rates of energy return than others. In particular, that the Antarctic shelf would provide higher energy returns than the Kerguelen Shelf, to offset the greater cost of travel. We quantified the habitat use of 187 southern elephant seals (102 adult females and 85 subadult males). The seals in the two groups were the same size ( 2.4 m) removing the confounding effect of body size. We found that the intersexual differences in habitat use existed before the divergence in body size. Also, we found that the amount of energy gained was the same in all of the major habitats. This suggests that the use of shelf habitats by males is innate, and a trade-off between the need to access the large benthic prey available on shelf waters, against the higher risk of predation there. Intrasexual differences in habitat use are another trade-off; although there are fewer predators on the Antarctic shelf, it is subject to considerable interannual fluctuations in sea-ice extent. In contrast, the Kerguelen Plateau presents more consistent foraging opportunities, but contains higher levels of predation. Habitat partitioning in this highly dimorphic species is therefore the result of complex interplay of life history strategies, environmental conditions and predation pressure. |
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Programme |
109,1201 |
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Bachelor's thesis |
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ISSN |
2045-7758 |
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yes |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
8243 |
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Author |
A. Barbero, J. Savarino, R. Grilli, C. Blouzon, G. Picard, M. M. Frey, Y. Huang, N. Caillon |
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Title |
New Estimation of the NOx Snow-Source on the Antarctic Plateau |
Type |
Journal |
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Year |
2021 |
Publication |
Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
126 |
Issue |
20 |
Pages |
e2021JD035062 |
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Keywords |
Antarctic Plateau flux chamber nitrate photolysis snowpack emissions |
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Abstract |
To fully decipher the role of nitrate photolysis on the atmospheric oxidative capacity in snow-covered regions, NOx flux must be determined with more precision than existing estimates. Here, we introduce a method based on dynamic flux chamber measurements for evaluating the NOx production by photolysis of snowpack nitrate in Antarctica. Flux chamber experiments were conducted for the first time in Antarctica, at the French-Italian station Concordia, Dome C (75°06'S, 123°20’E, 3233 m a.s.l) during the 2019–2020 summer campaign. Measurements were gathered with several snow samples of different ages ranging from newly formed drifted snow to 6-year-old firn. Contrary to existing literature expectations, the daily average photolysis rate coefficient, , did not significantly vary between differently aged snow samples, suggesting that the photolabile nitrate in snow behaves as a single-family source with common photochemical properties, where a = (2.37 0.35) × 10−8 s−1 (1) has been calculated from December 10th 2019 to January 7th 2020. At Dome C summer daily average NOx flux, , based on measured NOx production rates was estimated to be (4.3 1.2) × 108 molecules cm−2 s−1, which is 1.5–7 times less than the net NOx flux observed previously above snow at Dome C using the gradient flux method. Using these results, we extrapolated an annual continental snow sourced NOx budget of 0.017 0.003 TgN y−1, 2 times the nitrogen budget, (N-budget), of the stratospheric denitrification previously estimated for Antarctica. These quantifications of nitrate photolysis using flux chamber experiments provide a road-map toward a new parameterization of the product that can improve future global and regional models of atmospheric chemistry. |
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1177 |
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2169-8996 |
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yes |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
8393 |
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Author |
J. Rojas, J. Duprat, C. Engrand, E. Dartois, L. Delauche, M. Godard, M. Gounelle, J. D. Carrillo-Sánchez, P. Pokorný, J. M. C. Plane |
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Title |
The micrometeorite flux at Dome C (Antarctica), monitoring the accretion of extraterrestrial dust on Earth |
Type |
Journal |
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Year |
2021 |
Publication |
Earth and Planetary Science Letters |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
560 |
Issue |
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Pages |
116794 |
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Keywords |
Antarctic micrometeorites atmospheric entry cosmic spherules extraterrestrial flux interplanetary dust particles zodiacal cloud |
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Abstract |
The annual flux of extraterrestrial material on Earth is largely dominated by sub-millimetre particles. The mass distribution and absolute value of this cosmic dust flux at the Earth's surface is however still uncertain due to the difficulty in monitoring both the collection efficiency and the exposure parameter (i.e. the area-time product in m2.yr). In this paper, we present results from micrometeorite collections originating from the vicinity of the CONCORDIA Station located at Dome C (Antarctica), where we performed several independent melts of large volumes of ultra-clean snow. The regular precipitation rate and the exceptional cleanliness of the snow from central Antarctica allow a unique control on both the exposure parameter and the collection efficiency. A total of 1280 unmelted micrometeorites (uMMs) and 808 cosmic spherules (CSs) with diameters ranging from 30 to 350 μm were identified. Within that size range, we measured mass fluxes of 3.0 μg.m−2.yr−1 for uMMs and 5.6 μg.m−2.yr−1 for CSs. Extrapolated to the global flux of particles in the 12-700 μm diameter range, the mass flux of dust at Earth's surface is 5,200±12001500 tons.yr−1 (1,600±500 and 3,600±7001000 tons.yr−1 of uMMs and CSs, respectively). We indicate the statistical uncertainties expected for collections with exposure parameters in the range of 0.1 up to 105 m2.yr. In addition, we estimated the flux of altered and unaltered carbon carried by heated and un-heated particles at Earth's surface. The mass distributions of CSs and uMMs larger than 100 μm are fairly well reproduced by the CABMOD-ZoDy model that includes melting and evaporation during atmospheric entry of the interplanetary dust flux. These numerical simulations suggest that most of the uMMs and CSs originate from Jupiter family comets and a minor part from the main asteroid belt. The total dust mass input before atmospheric entry is estimated at 15,000 tons.yr−1. The existing discrepancy between the flux data and the model for uMMs below 100 μm suggests that small fragile uMMs may evade present day collections, and/or that the amount of small interplanetary particles at 1 AU may be smaller than expected. |
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1120 |
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0012-821X |
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8244 |
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Author |
Fabrice Genevois, Christophe Barbraud |
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Title |
An observation of a gentoo penguin Pygoscelis papua feeding an Adélie penguin P. adeliae chick |
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Year |
2021 |
Publication |
Polar Biology |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
44 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
217-219 |
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Keywords |
Antarctic Interspecific feeding Penguin |
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Abstract |
Interspecific feeding refers to behavior where an adult of one species feeds the young of another species, with the exclusion of brood parasitism. In birds, most of observed cases concern passerines and this behavior has so far never been described among seabirds. We report on interspecific feeding provided by an adult gentoo penguin Pygoscelis papua to an Adélie penguin P. adeliae chick on the Antarctic Peninsula. |
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109 |
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1432-2056 |
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1432-2056 |
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yes |
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Call Number |
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8324 |
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| Permanent link to this record |
