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Charlène Guillaumot, Salomé Fabri‐Ruiz, Alexis Martin, Marc Eléaume, Bruno Danis, Jean-Pierre Féral, Thomas Saucède |
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Title |
Benthic species of the Kerguelen Plateau show contrasting distribution shifts in response to environmental changes |
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Journal |
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Year |
2018 |
Publication |
Ecology and Evolution |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
8 |
Issue |
12 |
Pages |
6210-6225 |
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Keywords  |
conservation echinoid future predictions historical changes Kerguelen Plateau species distribution modeling |
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Abstract |
Marine life of the Southern Ocean has been facing environmental changes and the direct impact of human activities during the past decades. Benthic communities have particularly been affected by such changes although we only slowly understand the effect of environmental changes on species physiology, biogeography, and distribution. Species distribution models (SDM) can help explore species geographic responses to main environmental changes. In this work, we modeled the distribution of four echinoid species with contrasting ecological niches. Models developed for [2005–2012] were projected to different time periods, and the magnitude of distribution range shifts was assessed for recent-past conditions [1955–1974] and for the future, under scenario RCP 8.5 for [2050–2099]. Our results suggest that species distribution shifts are expected to be more important in a near future compared to the past. The geographic response of species may vary between poleward shift, latitudinal reduction, and local extinction. Species with broad ecological niches and not limited by biogeographic barriers would be the least affected by environmental changes, in contrast to endemic species, restricted to coastal areas, which are predicted to be more sensitive. |
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1044 |
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2045-7758 |
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2045-7758 |
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yes |
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Serial |
7105 |
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Emeline Charbonnel, Claire Daguin-Thiébaut, Lucille Caradec, Eléonore Moittié, Olivier Gilg, Maria V. Gavrilo, Hallvard Strøm, Mark L. Mallory, R. I. Guy Morrison, H. Grant Gilchrist, Raphael Leblois, Camille Roux, Jonathan M. Yearsley, Glenn Yannic, Thomas Broquet |
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Title |
Searching for genetic evidence of demographic decline in an arctic seabird: beware of overlapping generations |
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Year |
2022 |
Publication |
Heredity |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
128 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
364-376 |
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Keywords |
Conservation biology Population genetics |
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Abstract |
Genetic data are useful for detecting sudden population declines in species that are difficult to study in the field. Yet this indirect approach has its own drawbacks, including population structure, mutation patterns, and generation overlap. The ivory gull (Pagophila eburnea), a long-lived Arctic seabird, is currently suffering from rapid alteration of its primary habitat (i.e., sea ice), and dramatic climatic events affecting reproduction and recruitment. However, ivory gulls live in remote areas, and it is difficult to assess the population trend of the species across its distribution. Here we present complementary microsatellite- and SNP-based genetic analyses to test a recent bottleneck genetic signal in ivory gulls over a large portion of their distribution. With attention to the potential effects of population structure, mutation patterns, and sample size, we found no significant signatures of population decline worldwide. At a finer scale, we found a significant bottleneck signal at one location in Canada. These results were compared with predictions from simulations showing how generation time and generation overlap can delay and reduce the bottleneck microsatellite heterozygosity excess signal. The consistency of the results obtained with independent methods strongly indicates that the species shows no genetic evidence of an overall decline in population size. However, drawing conclusions related to the species’ population trends will require a better understanding of the effect of age structure in long-lived species. In addition, estimates of the effective global population size of ivory gulls were surprisingly low (~1000 ind.), suggesting that the evolutionary potential of the species is not assured. |
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1210 |
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1365-2540 |
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yes |
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Serial |
8403 |
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Aymeric Houstin, Daniel P. Zitterbart, Karine Heerah, Olaf Eisen, Víctor Planas-Bielsa, Ben Fabry, Céline Le Bohec |
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Title |
Juvenile emperor penguin range calls for extended conservation measures in the Southern Ocean |
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Journal |
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Year |
2022 |
Publication |
Royal Society Open Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
9 |
Issue |
8 |
Pages |
211708 |
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Keywords |
conservation biology early life MPA network polar regions seabirds |
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Abstract |
To protect the unique and rich biodiversity of the Southern Ocean, conservation measures such as marine protected areas (MPAs) have been implemented. Currently, the establishment of several additional protection zones is being considered based on the known habitat distributions of key species of the ecosystems including emperor penguins and other marine top predators. However, the distribution of such species at sea is often insufficiently sampled. Specifically, current distribution models focus on the habitat range of adult animals and neglect that immatures and juveniles can inhabit different areas. By tracking eight juvenile emperor penguins in the Weddell Sea over 1 year and performing a meta-analysis including previously known data from other colonies, we show that conservation efforts in the Southern Ocean are insufficient for protecting this highly mobile species, and particularly its juveniles. We find that juveniles spend approximately 90% of their time outside the boundaries of proposed and existing MPAs, and that their distribution extends beyond (greater than 1500 km) the species' extent of occurrence as defined by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. Our data exemplify that strategic conservation plans for the emperor penguin and other long-lived ecologically important species should consider the dynamic habitat range of all age classes. |
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137 |
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yes |
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Serial |
8703 |
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Amandine Gamble, Romain Bazire, Karine Delord, Christophe Barbraud, Audrey Jaeger, Hubert Gantelet, Eric Thibault, Camille Lebarbenchon, Erwan Lagadec, Pablo Tortosa, Henri Weimerskirch, Jean-Baptiste Thiebot, Romain Garnier, Jérémy Tornos, Thierry Boulinier |
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Title |
Predator and scavenger movements among and within endangered seabird colonies: Opportunities for pathogen spread |
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Journal |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Journal of Applied Ecology |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
57 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
367-378 |
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Keywords |
conservation biology disease ecology dynamic space utilization individual heterogeneity movement ecology Pasteurella multocida sentinel species serology |
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Abstract |
The spatial structure of host communities is expected to constrain pathogen spread. However, predators and/or scavengers may connect distant host (sub)populations when foraging. Determining whether some individuals or populations play a prominent role in the spread of pathogens is critical to inform management measures. We explored movements and epidemiological status of brown skuas Stercorarius antarcticus, the only avian terrestrial consumer native of Amsterdam Island (Indian Ocean), to assess whether and how they could be involved in the spread of the bacterium Pasteurella multocida, which recurrently causes avian cholera outbreaks in endangered albatross and penguin species breeding on the island. High proportions of seropositive and DNA-positive individuals for P. multocida indicated that skuas are highly exposed to the pathogen and may be able to transmit it. Movement tracking revealed that the foraging ranges of breeding skuas largely overlap among individuals and expand all along the coasts where albatrosses and penguins nest, but not on the inland plateau hosting the endemic Amsterdam albatross Diomedea amsterdamensis. Considering the epidemiological and movement data, skua movements may provide opportunity for pathogen spread among and within seabird colonies. Synthesis and applications. This work highlights the importance of considering the behaviour and epidemiological status of predators and scavengers in disease dynamics because the foraging movements of individuals of such species can potentially limit the efficiency of local management measures in spatially structured host communities. Such species could thus represent priority vaccination targets to implement efficient management measures aiming at limiting pathogen spread and also be used as sentinels to monitor pathogen circulation and evaluate the effectiveness of management measures. |
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Programme |
109,1151 |
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Bachelor's thesis |
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ISSN |
1365-2664 |
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yes |
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Serial |
7683 |
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Vojtěch Brlík, Jaroslav Koleček, Malcolm Burgess, Steffen Hahn, Diana Humple, Miloš Krist, Janne Ouwehand, Emily L. Weiser, Peter Adamík, José A. Alves, Debora Arlt, Sanja Barišić, Detlef Becker, Eduardo J. Belda, Václav Beran, Christiaan Both, Susana P. Bravo, Martins Briedis, Bohumír Chutný, Davor Ćiković, Nathan W. Cooper, Joana S. Costa, Víctor R. Cueto, Tamara Emmenegger, Kevin Fraser, Olivier Gilg, Marina Guerrero, Michael T. Hallworth, Chris Hewson, Frédéric Jiguet, James A. Johnson, Tosha Kelly, Dmitry Kishkinev, Michel Leconte, Terje Lislevand, Simeon Lisovski, Cosme López, Kent P. McFarland, Peter P. Marra, Steven M. Matsuoka, Piotr Matyjasiak, Christoph M. Meier, Benjamin Metzger, Juan S. Monrós, Roland Neumann, Amy Newman, Ryan Norris, Tomas Pärt, Václav Pavel, Noah Perlut, Markus Piha, Jeroen Reneerkens, Christopher C. Rimmer, Amélie Roberto‐Charron, Chiara Scandolara, Natalia Sokolova, Makiko Takenaka, Dirk Tolkmitt, Herman van Oosten, Arndt H. J. Wellbrock, Hazel Wheeler, Jan van der Winden, Klaudia Witte, Bradley K. Woodworth, Petr Procházka |
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Title |
Weak effects of geolocators on small birds: A meta-analysis controlled for phylogeny and publication bias |
Type |
Journal |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Journal of Animal Ecology |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
89 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
207-220 |
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Keywords |
condition migration phenology reproduction return rate survival tag effect tracking device |
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Abstract |
Currently, the deployment of tracking devices is one of the most frequently used approaches to study movement ecology of birds. Recent miniaturization of light-level geolocators enabled studying small bird species whose migratory patterns were widely unknown. However, geolocators may reduce vital rates in tagged birds and may bias obtained movement data. There is a need for a thorough assessment of the potential tag effects on small birds, as previous meta-analyses did not evaluate unpublished data and impact of multiple life-history traits, focused mainly on large species and the number of published studies tagging small birds has increased substantially. We quantitatively reviewed 549 records extracted from 74 published and 48 unpublished studies on over 7,800 tagged and 17,800 control individuals to examine the effects of geolocator tagging on small bird species (body mass <100 g). We calculated the effect of tagging on apparent survival, condition, phenology and breeding performance and identified the most important predictors of the magnitude of effect sizes. Even though the effects were not statistically significant in phylogenetically controlled models, we found a weak negative impact of geolocators on apparent survival. The negative effect on apparent survival was stronger with increasing relative load of the device and with geolocators attached using elastic harnesses. Moreover, tagging effects were stronger in smaller species. In conclusion, we found a weak effect on apparent survival of tagged birds and managed to pinpoint key aspects and drivers of tagging effects. We provide recommendations for establishing matched control group for proper effect size assessment in future studies and outline various aspects of tagging that need further investigation. Finally, our results encourage further use of geolocators on small bird species but the ethical aspects and scientific benefits should always be considered. |
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1036 |
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ISSN |
1365-2656 |
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yes |
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Serial |
7670 |
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Author |
Korbinian Sager, Christian Boehm, Laura Ermert, Lion Krischer, Andreas Fichtner |
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Title |
Global-Scale Full-Waveform Ambient Noise Inversion |
Type |
Journal |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
125 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
e2019JB018644 |
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Keywords |
computational seismology full-waveform inversion global tomography interferometry seismic noise |
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Abstract |
We present the first application of full-waveform ambient noise inversion to observed correlation functions that jointly constrains 3-D Earth structure and heterogeneous noise sources. For this, we model and interpret ambient noise correlations as recordings of correlation wavefields, which completely eliminates the limiting assumptions of Green's function retrieval, such as equipartitioning and homogeneous random noise sources. Our method accounts for seismic wave propagation physics in 3-D heterogeneous and attenuating media and also for the heterogeneous and nonstationary nature of the ambient noise field. Designed as a proof of concept, the study considers long periods from 100 to 300 s, thus focusing on the Earth's hum. Treating correlations as self-consistent observables allows us to make separate measurements on the causal and acausal branches of correlation functions, without any need to choose one of them or form the average. We validate our approach by assessing the quality of the obtained models and by comparing them to previous studies. This work is a step toward the establishment of full-waveform ambient noise inversion as a tomographic technique with the goal to go beyond ambient noise tomography based on Green's function retrieval. |
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133 |
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ISSN |
2169-9356 |
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yes |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
7794 |
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Author |
Maxime Allioux, Stéven Yvenou, Alexander Merkel, Marc Cozannet, Johanne Aubé, Jolann Pommellec, Marc Le Romancer, Véronique Lavastre, Damien Guillaume, Karine Alain |
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Title |
A metagenomic insight into the microbiomes of geothermal springs in the Subantarctic Kerguelen Islands |
Type |
Journal |
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Year |
2022 |
Publication |
Scientific Reports |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
12 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
22243 |
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Keywords |
Computational biology and bioinformatics Ecology Genetics Microbiology |
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Abstract |
The Kerguelen Islands, located in the southern part of the Indian Ocean, are very isolated geographically. The microbial diversity and communities present on the island, especially associated to geothermal springs, have never been analyzed with high-throughput sequencing methods. In this article, we performed the first metagenomics analysis of microorganisms present in Kerguelen hot springs. From four hot springs, we assembled metagenomes and recovered 42 metagenome-assembled genomes, mostly associated with new putative taxa based on phylogenomic analyses and overall genome relatedness indices. The 42 MAGs were studied in detail and showed putative affiliations to 13 new genomic species and 6 new genera of Bacteria or Archaea according to GTDB. Functional potential of MAGs suggests the presence of thermophiles and hyperthermophiles, as well as heterotrophs and primary producers possibly involved in the sulfur cycle, notably in the oxidation of sulfur compounds. This paper focused on only four of the dozens of hot springs in the Kerguelen Islands and should be considered as a preliminary study of the microorganisms inhabiting the hot springs of these isolated islands. These results show that more efforts should be made towards characterization of Kerguelen Islands ecosystems, as they represent a reservoir of unknown microbial lineages. |
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Programme |
1077 |
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ISSN |
2045-2322 |
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yes |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
8558 |
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Author |
Ritsema J, Deuss A, van Heijst H J, Woodhouse J H, |
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Title |
S40RTS: a degree-40 shear-velocity model for the mantle from new Rayleigh wave dispersion, teleseismic traveltime and normal-mode splitting function measurements
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Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2011 |
Publication |
Geophysical Journal International |
Abbreviated Journal |
0956-540X |
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Volume |
184 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
1223-1236 |
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Keywords |
Composition of the mantle, Body waves, Surface waves and free oscillations, Seismic tomography, |
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Abstract |
We have developed model S40RTS of shear-velocity variation in Earth's mantle using a new collection of Rayleigh wave phase velocity, teleseismic body-wave traveltime and normal-mode splitting function measurements. This data set is an order of magnitude larger than used for S20RTS and includes new data types. The data are related to shear-velocity perturbations from the (anisotropic) PREM model via kernel functions and ray paths that are computed using PREM. Contributions to phase delays and traveltimes from the heterogeneous crust are estimated using model CRUST2.0. We calculate crustal traveltimes from long-period synthetic waveforms rather than using ray theory. Shear-velocity perturbations are parametrized by spherical harmonics up to degree 40 and by 21 vertical spline functions for a total of 35 301 degrees of freedom. S40RTS is characterised by 8000 resolved unknowns. Since we compute the exact inverse, it is straightforward to determine models associated with fewer or more unknowns by adjusting the model damping. S40RTS shares many characteristics with S20RTS because it is based on the same data types and similar modelling procedures. However, S40RTS shows more clearly than S20RTS the abrupt change in the pattern of shear-velocity heterogeneity across the 660-km phase transition and it presents a more complex patern of shear-velocity heterogeneity in the lower mantle. Utilities to visualise S40RTS and software to analyse the resolution of S40RTS (or models for different damping parameters) are made available.
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133 |
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Blackwell Publishing Ltd |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
1365-246X |
ISBN |
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Approved |
yes |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
3793 |
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Author |
Lina Yamaya, Anselme F. E. Borgeaud, Kenji Kawai, Robert J. Geller, Kensuke Konishi |
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Title |
Effects of redetermination of source time functions on the 3-D velocity structure inferred by waveform inversion |
Type |
Journal |
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Year |
2018 |
Publication |
Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
282 |
Issue |
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Pages |
117-143 |
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Keywords |
Composition and structure of the mantle Earthquake source observations Seismic tomography Waveform inversion |
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Abstract |
As recent waveform inversion studies to determine 3-D Earth structure are increasingly using data in shorter period ranges, the sensitivity of the inversion results to source parameters, the source time function (STF) in particular, will increase. In this study we redetermine the centroid and moment tensor (CMT) solutions for 41 deep- and intermediate-earthquakes beneath South America, using only body-wave data in the same period range used in localized waveform inversion. We then redetermine the STFs of 35 of these events by stacking the displacement of P-waves. We use four slightly different methods to obtain four sets of redetermined source parameters. We find that all four sets of redetermined source parameters generally agree with the GCMT solutions, but the STF durations are systematically shorter than those for the GCMT solutions, particularly for events with moment-magnitudes larger than 6.5. We then apply the four sets of redetermined source parameters for the 35 events to localized waveform inversion for the 3-D seismic velocity structure of the D″ region beneath Central America and the Caribbean using PREM as the 1-D initial model. We improve the 3-D structure (as shown by improved variance reduction), particularly after redetermination of moment tensors and STFs. The velocity patterns of the four new 3-D structure models for the D″ region inferred by inversions using the redetermined source parameters do not differ significantly from those inferred using the GCMT source parameters. However, the amplitude of the lateral heterogeneity decreases when synthetics for the redetermined STFs are used. |
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133 |
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ISSN |
0031-9201 |
ISBN |
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Approved |
yes |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
7877 |
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Author |
Collet Julien, Patrick Samantha C., Weimerskirch Henri |
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Title |
Behavioral responses to encounter of fishing boats in wandering albatrosses |
Type |
Journal |
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Year |
2017 |
Publication |
Ecology and evolution |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
7 |
Issue |
10 |
Pages |
3335-3347 |
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Keywords |
competition fisheries foraging decisions movement ecology seabirds vessel monitoring system |
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Abstract |
Animals are attracted to human food subsidies worldwide. The behavioral response of individuals to these resources is rarely described in detail, beyond chances of encounters. Seabirds for instance scavenge in large numbers at fishing boats, triggering crucial conservation issues, but how the response to boats varies across encounters is poorly known. Here we examine the behavioral response of wandering albatrosses (Diomedea exulans), equipped with GPS tags, to longline fishing boats operating near their colony for which we had access to vessel monitoring system data. We distinguish between encounters (flying within 30 km of a boat) and attendance behavior (sitting on the sea within 3 km of a boat), and examine factors affecting each. In particular, we test hypotheses that the response to encountered boats should vary with sex and age in this long‐lived dimorphic species. Among the 60% trips that encountered boats at least once, 80% of them contained attendance (but attendance followed only 60% of each single encounter). Birds were more attracted and remained attending longer when boats were hauling lines, despite the measures enforced by this fleet to limit food availability during operations. Sex and age of birds had low influence on the response to boats, except the year when fewer boats came fishing in the area, and younger birds were attending further from boats compared to older birds. Net mass gain of birds was similar across sex and not affected by time spent attending boats. Our results indicate albatrosses extensively attend this fishery, with no clear advantages, questioning impacts on foraging time budgets. Factors responsible for sex foraging segregation at larger scale seem not to operate at this fleet near the colony and are not consistent with predictions of optimal foraging theory on potential individual dominance asymmetries. This approach complements studies of large‐scale overlap of animals with human subsidies. |
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2045-7758 |
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2045-7758 |
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yes |
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6636 |
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