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Author |
Robert A. Massom, A. Barry Giles, Roland C. Warner, Helen A. Fricker, Benoit Legrésy, Glenn Hyland, Lydie Lescarmontier, Neal Young |
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Title |
External influences on the Mertz Glacier Tongue (East Antarctica) in the decade leading up to its calving in 2010 |
Type |
Journal |
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Year |
2015 |
Publication |
Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
120 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
490-506 |
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Keywords  |
dynamics glacier tongue grounding icebergs |
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Abstract |
The Mertz Glacier Tongue (MGT) in East Antarctica lost 55% of its floating length in February 2010, when it calved large tabular iceberg C28 (78 × 35 km). We analyze the behavior of the MGT over the preceding 12 years using a variety of satellite data (synthetic aperture radar and Landsat imagery and Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite laser altimetry). Contact of its northwestern tip with the eastern flank of shoals from 2002/2003 caused eastward deflection of the ice flow by up to 47°. This change contributed to opening of a major rift system 80 km to the south, along which iceberg C28 eventually calved. Paradoxically, the seabed contact may have also held the glacier tongue in place to delay calving by 8 years. Our study also reveals the effects of other, more localized external influences on the MGT prior to calving. These include an abrupt sideways displacement of the glacier tongue front by at least 145 m following an apparent collision with iceberg C08 in early 2002 and calving of numerous small icebergs from the advancing northwestern front due to the “chiseling” action of small grounded icebergs and seabed contact, resulting in the loss of 36 km2 of ice from 2001 to 2006. The example of the MGT confirms the need for accurate bathymetry in the vicinity of ice shelves and glacier tongues and suggests that the cumulative effect of external factors might be critical to understanding and modeling calving events and ice shelf stability, necessarily on a case-specific basis. |
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1050 |
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2169-9011 |
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yes |
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Serial |
8190 |
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Nathalie Boullot, Florence Rabier, Rolf Langland, Ron Gelaro, Carla Cardinali, Vincent Guidard, Peter Bauer, Alexis Doerenbecher |
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Title |
Observation impact over the southern polar area during the Concordiasi field campaign |
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Journal |
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Year |
2016 |
Publication |
Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
142 |
Issue |
695 |
Pages |
597-610 |
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Keywords |
dropsondes forecast score forecast sensitivity to observations observing-system experiment |
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Abstract |
The impact of observations on analysis uncertainty and forecast performance was investigated for austral spring 2010 over the southern polar area for four different systems (NRL, GMAO, ECMWF and Météo-France) at the time of the Concordiasi field experiment. The largest multi-model variance in 500 hPa height analyses is found in the southern sub-Antarctic oceanic region, where there are rapidly evolving weather systems, rapid forecast-error growth, and fewer upper-air wind observation data to constrain the analyses. The total impact of all observations on the model forecast was computed using the 24 h forecast sensitivity-to-observations diagnostic. Observation types that contribute most to the reduction of the forecast error are shown to be AMSU, IASI, AIRS, GPS-RO, radiosonde, surface and atmospheric motion vector observations. For sounding data, radiosondes and dropsondes, one can note a large impact on the analysis and forecasts of temperature at low levels and a large impact of wind at high levels. Observing system experiments using the Concordiasi dropsondes show a large impact of the observations over the Antarctic plateau extending to lower latitudes with the forecast range, with the largest impact around 50–70°S. These experiments indicate there is a potential benefit from using radiance data better over land and sea-ice and from innovative atmospheric motion vectors obtained from a combination of various satellites to fill the current data gaps and improve numerical weather prediction analyses in this region. |
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914 |
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ISSN |
1477-870X |
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yes |
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Serial |
8281 |
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Author |
Steelandt Stéphanie, Marguerie Dominique, Bhiry Najat, Delwaide Ann, |
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Title |
A study of the composition, characteristics, and origin of modern driftwood on the western coast of Nunavik (Quebec, Canada)
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Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2015 |
Publication |
Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Geophys. Res. |
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Volume |
120 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
480-501 |
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Keywords |
driftwood, identification, morphological characteristics, origin, Nunavik, Hudson Bay, 0439 Ecosystems: structure and dynamics, 0460 Marine systems, 0476 Plant ecology, 0499 New fields (not classifiable under other headings), |
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Programme |
1080 |
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ISSN |
2169-8961 |
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yes |
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Serial |
5688 |
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Author |
Agosta Cécile, Favier Vincent, Krinner Gerhard, Gallée Hubert, Fettweis Xavier, Genthon Christophe, |
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Title |
High-resolution modelling of the Antarctic surface mass balance, application for the twentieth, twenty first and twenty second centuries
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Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2013 |
Publication |
CLIMATE DYNAMICS |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
41 |
Issue |
11-12 |
Pages |
3247-3260- |
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Keywords |
Downscaling, Surface mass balance, Surface energy balance, Orographic precipitation, Antarctica, Sea-level, Climate-change, Ice-sheet, |
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Abstract |
About 75 % of the Antarctic surface mass gain occurs over areas below 2,000 m asl, which cover 40 % of the grounded ice-sheet. As the topography is complex in many of these regions, surface mass balance modelling is highly dependent on horizontal resolution, and studying the impact of Antarctica on the future rise in sea level requires physical approaches. We have developed a computationally efficient, physical downscaling model for high-resolution (15 km) long-term surface mass balance (SMB) projections. Here, we present results of this model, called SMHiL (surface mass balance high-resolution downscaling), which was forced with the LMDZ4 atmospheric general circulation model to assess Antarctic SMB variability in the twenty first and the twenty second centuries under two different scenarios. The higher resolution of SMHiL better reproduces the geographical patterns of SMB and increase significantly the averaged SMB over the grounded ice-sheet for the end of the twentieth century. A comparison with more than 3200 quality-controlled field data shows that LMDZ4 and SMHiL reproduce the observed values equally well. Nevertheless, field data below 2,000 m asl are too scarce to efficiently show the added value of SMHiL and measuring the SMB in these undocumented areas should be a future scientific priority. Our results suggest that running LMDZ4 at a finer resolution (15 km) may give a future increase in SMB in Antarctica that is about 30 % higher than by using its standard resolution (60 km) due to the higher increase in precipitation in coastal areas at 15 km. However, a part (~15 %) of these discrepancies could be an artefact from SMHiL since it neglects the foehn effect and likely overestimates the precipitation increase. Future changes in the Antarctic SMB at low elevations will result from the competition between higher snow accumulation and runoff. For this reason, developing downscaling models is crucial to represent processes in sufficient detail and correctly model the SMB in coastal areas. |
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Programme |
411,1013 |
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Thesis |
Bachelor's thesis |
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Publisher |
Springer Berlin Heidelberg |
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ISSN |
0930-7575 |
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yes |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
4768 |
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Author |
Camille Lemonnier, Pierre Bize, Rudy Boonstra, F. Stephen Dobson, François Criscuolo, Vincent A. Viblanc |
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Title |
Effects of the social environment on vertebrate fitness and health in nature: Moving beyond the stress axis |
Type |
Journal |
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Year |
2022 |
Publication |
Hormones and Behavior |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
145 |
Issue |
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Pages |
105232 |
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Keywords |
Dominance Epigenetics Hierarchies HPA Social buffers Social determinants of health |
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Abstract |
Social interactions are a ubiquitous feature of the lives of vertebrate species. These may be cooperative or competitive, and shape the dynamics of social systems, with profound effects on individual behavior, physiology, fitness, and health. On one hand, a wealth of studies on humans, laboratory animal models, and captive species have focused on understanding the relationships between social interactions and individual health within the context of disease and pathology. On the other, ecological studies are attempting an understanding of how social interactions shape individual phenotypes in the wild, and the consequences this entails in terms of adaptation. Whereas numerous studies in wild vertebrates have focused on the relationships between social environments and the stress axis, much remains to be done in understanding how socially-related activation of the stress axis coordinates other key physiological functions related to health. Here, we review the state of our current knowledge on the effects that social interactions may have on other markers of vertebrate fitness and health. Building upon complementary findings from the biomedical and ecological fields, we identify 6 key physiological functions (cellular metabolism, oxidative stress, cellular senescence, immunity, brain function, and the regulation of biological rhythms) which are intimately related to the stress axis, and likely directly affected by social interactions. Our goal is a holistic understanding of how social environments affect vertebrate fitness and health in the wild. Whereas both social interactions and social environments are recognized as important sources of phenotypic variation, their consequences on vertebrate fitness, and the adaptive nature of social-stress-induced phenotypes, remain unclear. Social flexibility, or the ability of an animal to change its social behavior with resulting changes in social systems in response to fluctuating environments, has emerged as a critical underlying factor that may buffer the beneficial and detrimental effects of social environments on vertebrate fitness and health. |
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Programme |
119 |
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ISSN |
0018-506X |
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Approved |
yes |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
8344 |
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Author |
Igor Petenko, Stefania Argentini, Giampietro Casasanta, Christophe Genthon, Margarita Kallistratova |
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Title |
Stable Surface-Based Turbulent Layer During the Polar Winter at Dome C, Antarctica: Sodar and In Situ Observations |
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Journal |
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Year |
2019 |
Publication |
Boundary-Layer Meteorology |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
171 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
101-128 |
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Keywords |
Dome C Antarctica High-resolution sodar Internal gravity-shear waves Stable boundary layer Surface-based turbulent layer |
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Abstract |
An experiment to investigate atmospheric turbulence was performed at Concordia station (Dome C, Antarctica) during winter 2012, finding significant turbulence in a near-surface layer extending to heights of a few tens of metres, despite the strong stable stratification. The spatial and temporal behaviour of thermal turbulence is examined using a high-resolution sodar, starting from the lowest few metres with a vertical resolution better than 2 m. Sodar observations are complemented by in situ measurements using a weather station and radiometers near the surface, temperature and wind-speed sensors at six levels on a 45-m tower, and radiosondes. The depth of the surface-based turbulent layer (SBTL) at Dome C during the whole winter is directly measured experimentally for the first time, and has an average depth of ≈ 23 m, varying from a few to several tens of metres, while the inversion-layer depth ≈ 380 m. Relationships between the depth of the SBTL and atmospheric parameters such as the temperature, wind speed, longwave radiation, Brunt–Väisälä frequency and Richardson number are shown. The SBTL under steady weather conditions is analyzed and classified into three prevailing types: (i) a very shallow layer with a depth < 15 m, (ii) a shallow layer of depth 15–70 m with uniform internal structure, (iii) a shallow layer of depth 20–70 m with waves. Wave activity in the SBTL is observed during a significant portion of the time, with sometimes regular (with periodicity of 8–15 min) trains of Kelvin–Helmholtz billow-like waves occurring at periods of 20–60 s, and lasting several hours. |
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1013 |
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ISSN |
1573-1472 |
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1573-1472 |
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yes |
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Serial |
7523 |
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Author |
David Renault, Elena Angulo, Ross N. Cuthbert, Phillip J. Haubrock, César Capinha, Alok Bang, Andrew M. Kramer, Franck Courchamp |
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Title |
The magnitude, diversity, and distribution of the economic costs of invasive terrestrial invertebrates worldwide |
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Journal |
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Year |
2022 |
Publication |
Science of The Total Environment |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
835 |
Issue |
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Pages |
155391 |
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Keywords |
Dollar InvaCost Invasion management Monetary impact Non-native Socioeconomic indicators |
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Abstract |
Invasive alien species (IAS) are a major driver of global biodiversity loss, hampering conservation efforts and disrupting ecosystem functions and services. While accumulating evidence documented ecological impacts of IAS across major geographic regions, habitat types and taxonomic groups, appraisals for economic costs remained relatively sparse. This has hindered effective cost-benefit analyses that inform expenditure on management interventions to prevent, control, and eradicate IAS. Terrestrial invertebrates are a particularly pervasive and damaging group of invaders, with many species compromising primary economic sectors such as forestry, agriculture and health. The present study provides synthesised quantifications of economic costs caused by invasive terrestrial invertebrates on the global scale and across a range of descriptors, using the InvaCost database. Invasive terrestrial invertebrates cost the global economy US$ 712.44 billion over the investigated period (up to 2020), considering only high-reliability source reports. Overall, costs were not equally distributed geographically, with North America (73%) reporting the greatest costs, with far lower costs reported in Europe (7%), Oceania (6%), Africa (5%), Asia (3%), and South America (< 1%). These costs were mostly due to invasive insects (88%) and mostly resulted from direct resource damages and losses (75%), particularly in agriculture and forestry; relatively little (8%) was invested in management. A minority of monetary costs was directly observed (17%). Economic costs displayed an increasing trend with time, with an average annual cost of US$ 11.40 billion since 1960, but as much as US$ 165.01 billion in 2020, but reporting lags reduced costs in recent years. The massive global economic costs of invasive terrestrial invertebrates require urgent consideration and investment by policymakers and managers, in order to prevent and remediate the economic and ecological impacts of these and other IAS groups. |
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Programme |
136 |
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ISSN |
0048-9697 |
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yes |
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Serial |
8439 |
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Author |
Allcock A Louise, Barratt Iain, Elaume Marc, Linse Katrin, Norman Mark D, Smith Peter J, Steinke Dirk, Stevens Darren W, Strugnell Jan M, |
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Title |
Cryptic speciation and the circumpolarity debate: A case study on endemic Southern Ocean octopuses using the COI barcode of life
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Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2011 |
Publication |
Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography |
Abbreviated Journal |
Deep Sea Res. Part II Top. Stud. Oceanogr. |
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Volume |
58 |
Issue |
1-2 |
Pages |
242 -249 |
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Keywords |
DNA barcoding, Pareledone, Ring species, Circumpolarity, |
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Abstract |
Three hundred and fifty specimens of the endemic Southern Ocean octopus genus Pareledone, were sequenced for the barcoding gene COI. Geographic coverage comprised the South Shetland Islands, the Ross Sea, Adélie Land, George V Land, the Weddell Sea, under the site of the former Larsen B ice shelf, Prydz Bay, the South Orkney Islands and the Amundsen Sea. The greatest number of specimens was captured at the three first-mentioned localities. At least 11 species were represented in the samples and the analyses revealed cryptic species. Six species were found to have extended distributions. Circumpolarity is supported for at least one species. Evidence is presented for a barrier to gene flow to the west of the Antarctic Peninsula, with haplotypes of P. aequipapillae becoming progressively more diverse in a clockwise direction from the South Shetland Islands to the Amundsen Sea. This pattern is akin to that seen in ring species, although we suggest that comparatively warm bottom water acts as a physical barrier preventing completion of the ring.
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1124 |
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ISSN |
0967-0645 |
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yes |
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Serial |
1545 |
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Author |
Smith PJ, Steinke D, Dettai A, McMillan P, Welsford D, Stewart A, Ward RD, |
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Title |
DNA barcodes and species identifications in Ross Sea and Southern Ocean fishes
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Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2012 |
Publication |
POLAR BIOLOGY |
Abbreviated Journal |
Polar Biol. |
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Volume |
35 |
Issue |
9 |
Pages |
1297-1310- |
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Keywords |
DNA barcode, Southern Ocean, Fishes, Species identification, |
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Abstract |
The Southern Ocean occupies about 10 % of the world’s oceans but has low species richness with only ~1.5 % of the marine fishes. Within the Southern Ocean, the Ross Sea region is one of the least exploited sea areas in the world, but is subject to commercial fishing. The fauna are not well known, and preliminary IPY molecular studies have indicated that species diversity has been underestimated in this region. DNA barcodes of fishes from the Ross Sea region were compared with barcodes of fishes from the Atlantic and Indian Ocean sectors of the Southern Ocean. Barcoding resolved 87.5 % of 112 species that typically exhibited high inter-specific divergences. Intra-specific divergence was usually low with shared haplotypes among regions. The Zoarcid Ophthalmolycus amberensis showed shallow divergences (0.1 %) within the Ross Sea and Australian Antarctic Territory but high inter-region divergence (2 %), indicative of cryptic species. Other potential cryptic species with high intra-specific divergences were found in Notolepis coatsi and Gymnoscopelus bolini. In contrast, several taxa showed low inter-specific divergences and shared haplotypes among morphological species. COI provided limited phylogenetic resolution of the genera Pogonophryne and Bathydraco. Trematomus loennbergii and T. lepidorhinus shared COI haplotypes, as previously noted in other regions, as did Cryodraco antarcticus and C. atkinsoni. There was a marked lack of congruence between morphological descriptions and COI divergences among the Ross Sea liparids with shallow or zero divergences among recently described species. Barcodes for the Ross Sea fishes highlighted several initial misidentifications that were corrected when specimens were re-examined. |
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Programme |
1124 |
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Springer-Verlag |
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ISSN |
0722-4060 |
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Approved |
yes |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
4023 |
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Author |
Hezel P J, Alexander B, Bitz C M, Steig E J, Holmes C D, Yang X, Sciare J, |
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Title |
Modeled methanesulfonic acid (MSA) deposition in Antarctica and its relationship to sea ice
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Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2011 |
Publication |
Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Geophys. Res. |
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Volume |
116 |
Issue |
D23 |
Pages |
D23214- |
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Keywords |
DMS, MSA, dimethylsulfide, ice core, methanesulfonic acid, sea ice, 0368 Troposphere: constituent transport and chemistry, 0750 Sea ice, 0793 Biogeochemistry, 3344 Paleoclimatology, |
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Abstract |
Methanesulfonic acid (MSA) has previously been measured in ice cores in Antarctica as a proxy for sea ice extent and Southern Hemisphere circulation. In a series of chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem) sensitivity experiments, we identify mechanisms that control the MSA concentrations recorded in ice cores. Sea ice is linked to MSA via dimethylsulfide (DMS), which is produced biologically in the surface ocean and known to be particularly concentrated in the sea ice zone. Given existing ocean surface DMS concentration data sets, the model does not demonstrate a strong relationship between sea ice and MSA deposition in Antarctica. The variability of DMS emissions associated with sea ice extent is small (1130%) due to the small interannual variability of sea ice extent. Wind plays a role in the variability in DMS emissions, but its contribution relative to that of sea ice is strongly dependent on the assumed DMS concentrations in the sea ice zone. Atmospheric sulfur emitted as DMS from the sea ice undergoes net transport northward. Our model runs suggest that DMS emissions from the sea ice zone may account for 2662% of MSA deposition at the Antarctic coast and 3695% in inland Antarctica. Though our results are sensitive to model assumptions, it is clear that an improved understanding of both DMS concentrations and emissions from the sea ice zone are required to better assess the impact of sea ice variability on MSA deposition to Antarctica.
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yes |
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911 |
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