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Benjamin Rey, Cyril Dégletagne, Jacques Bodennec, Pierre-Axel Monternier, Mathieu Mortz, Damien Roussel, Caroline Romestaing, Jean-Louis Rouanet, Jeremy Tornos, Claude Duchamp. (2016). Hormetic response triggers multifaceted anti-oxidant strategies in immature king penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus) (Vol. 97).
Abstract: Repeated deep dives are highly pro-oxidative events for air-breathing aquatic foragers such as penguins. At fledging, the transition from a strictly terrestrial to a marine lifestyle may therefore trigger a complex set of anti-oxidant responses to prevent chronic oxidative stress in immature penguins but these processes are still undefined. By combining in vivo and in vitro approaches with transcriptome analysis, we investigated the adaptive responses of sea-acclimatized (SA) immature king penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus) compared with pre-fledging never-immersed (NI) birds. In vivo, experimental immersion into cold water stimulated a higher thermogenic response in SA penguins than in NI birds, but both groups exhibited hypothermia, a condition favouring oxidative stress. In vitro, the pectoralis muscles of SA birds displayed increased oxidative capacity and mitochondrial protein abundance but unchanged reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation per g tissue because ROS production per mitochondria was reduced. The genes encoding oxidant-generating proteins were down-regulated in SA birds while mRNA abundance and activity of the main antioxidant enzymes were up-regulated. Genes encoding proteins involved in repair mechanisms of oxidized DNA or proteins and in degradation processes were also up-regulated in SA birds. Sea life also increased the degree of fatty acid unsaturation in muscle mitochondrial membranes resulting in higher intrinsic susceptibility to ROS. Oxidative damages to protein or DNA were reduced in SA birds. Repeated experimental immersions of NI penguins in cold-water partially mimicked the effects of acclimatization to marine life, modified the expression of fewer genes related to oxidative stress but in a similar way as in SA birds and increased oxidative damages to DNA. It is concluded that the multifaceted plasticity observed after marine life may be crucial to maintain redox homeostasis in active tissues subjected to high pro-oxidative pressure in diving birds. Initial immersions in cold-water may initiate an hormetic response triggering essential changes in the adaptive antioxidant response to marine life.
Keywords: Hormesis Lipid composition Mitochondria Oxidative stress Penguin Redox homeostasis
Programme: 131
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Timothée Zidat, Marianne Gabirot, Francesco Bonadonna, Carsten T. Müller. (2023). Homing and Nest Recognition in Nocturnal Blue Petrels: What Scent May Attract Birds to their Burrows?.
Abstract: Hypogean petrels return to the same nest burrow to breed on remote islands during the summer months. Their nocturnal behavior at the colony, strong musky odor and olfactory anatomy suggest an important role of olfaction in homing behavior and nest recognition. Behavioral experiments showed that olfactory cues are sufficient to allow nest identification, suggesting a stabile chemical signature emanating from burrows and facilitating nest recognition. However, the chemical nature and sources of this odor remain unknown. To better understand the nest odor composition, we analyzed volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of nests of blue petrels (Halobaena caerulea) derived from three different odor sources: nest air, nest material and feather samples. We also compared, during two successive years, VOCs from burrows with an incubating breeder on the nest, and burrows used during the breeding season by blue petrels but shortly temporally unoccupied by breeders. We found that the nest air odor was mainly formed by the owners’ odor, which provided an individual chemical label for nests that appeared stabile over the breeding season. These findings, together with the previous homing behavioral studies showing an essential role of the sense of smell in blue petrels, strongly suggest that the scent emanating from burrows of blue petrels provides the information that facilitates nest recognition and homing.
Keywords: Homing Behavior Nest Air Odor Olfaction Orientation Procellariform Seabirds TD-GC-TOF-MS
Programme: 354
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Solomina Olga N, Bradley Raymond S, Hodgson Dominic A, Ivy-Ochs Susan, Jomelli Vincent, Mackintosh Andrew N, Nesje Atle, Owen Lewis A, Wanner Heinz, Wiles Gregory C, Young Nicolas E, . (2015). Holocene glacier fluctuations. 0277-3791, 111(3), 9–34.
Abstract: A global overview of glacier advances and retreats (grouped by regions and by millennia) for the Holocene is compiled from previous studies. The reconstructions of glacier fluctuations are based on 1) mapping and dating moraines defined by 14C, TCN, OSL, lichenometry and tree rings (discontinuous records/time series), and 2) sediments from proglacial lakes and speleothems (continuous records/time series). Using 189 continuous and discontinuous time series, the long-term trends and centennial fluctuations of glaciers were compared to trends in the recession of Northern and mountain tree lines, and with orbital, solar and volcanic studies to examine the likely forcing factors that drove the changes recorded. A general trend of increasing glacier size from the early–mid Holocene, to the late Holocene in the extra-tropical areas of the Northern Hemisphere (NH) is related to overall summer temperature, forced by orbitally-controlled insolation. The glaciers in New Zealand and in the tropical Andes also appear to follow the orbital trend, i.e., they were decreasing from the early Holocene to the present. In contrast, glacier fluctuations in some monsoonal areas of Asia and southern South America generally did not follow the orbital trends, but fluctuated at a higher frequency possibly triggered by distinct teleconnections patterns. During the Neoglacial, advances clustered at 4.4–4.2 ka, 3.8–3.4 ka, 3.3–2.8 ka, 2.6 ka, 2.3–2.1 ka, 1.5–1.4 ka, 1.2–1.0 ka, 0.7–0.5 ka, corresponding to general cooling periods in the North Atlantic. Some of these episodes coincide with multidecadal periods of low solar activity, but it is unclear what mechanism might link small changes in irradiance to widespread glacier fluctuations. Explosive volcanism may have played a role in some periods of glacier advances, such as around 1.7–1.6 ka (coinciding with the Taupo volcanic eruption at 232 ± 5 CE) but the record of explosive volcanism is poorly known through the Holocene. The compilation of ages suggests that there is no single mechanism driving glacier fluctuations on a global scale. Multidecadal variations of solar and volcanic activity supported by positive feedbacks in the climate system may have played a critical role in Holocene glaciation, but further research on such linkages is needed. The rate and the global character of glacier retreat in the 20th through early 21st centuries appears unusual in the context of Holocene glaciation, though the retreating glaciers in most parts of the Northern Hemisphere are still larger today than they were in the early and/or mid-Holocene. The current retreat, however, is occurring during an interval of orbital forcing that is favorable for glacier growth and is therefore caused by a combination of factors other than orbital forcing, primarily strong anthropogenic effects. Glacier retreat will continue into future decades due to the delayed response of glaciers to climate change.
Keywords: Holocene, Glacier variations, Global warming, Neoglacial, Holocene thermal maximum, Orbital forcings, Solar activity, Volcanic forcings, Modern glacier retreat,
Programme: 1048
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Denis Mercier, Armelle Decaulne, Emilie Portier, Etienne Cossart. (2022). La datation des glissements de terrain paraglaciaires en Islande.
Abstract: La fonte des glaciers islandais à partir de 15ka a été suivi par des ajustements paraglaciaires dont les glissements de terrain représentent une des manifestations les plus emblématiques. Un travail d’inventaire de leur répartition spatiale permet de comptabiliser plusieurs centaines de glissements, dont 158 dans la région du Skagafjörður au Nord de l’île, 186 dans les Westfjords et 290 dans les fjords de l’est. Les logiques spatiales de leur répartition permettent de montrer un contrôle lithologique à l’échelle globale avec une surreprésentation des glissements dans les basaltes d’âge tertiaire dans des régions où les contrastes topographiques sont par ailleurs majeurs à l’échelle de l’île. Au-delà de ces éléments spatiaux, la question de l’âge de leur mise en place se pose. Si l’on compare la chronologie de la déglaciation de l’Islande avec la répartition spatiale des glissements, nous observons une décroissance de l’occurrence potentielle des glissements de terrain avec le temps. La majorité des glissements se localisent le long des versants qui ont été libérés au tout début de la déglaciation. A l’échelle des glissements eux-mêmes, des études ponctuelles permettent de préciser l’âge de leur mise en place. Différentes approches sont alors mobilisées. La première prédate les glissements en utilisant l’emboîtement des formes géomorphologiques et l’âge des plages soulevées par le rebond glacio-isostatiques sur lesquelles viennent mourir les dépôts des glissements de terrain. La seconde série de mesures postdate les glissements. En effet, des dépressions au sein des glissements ont piégé des cendres volcaniques datées et des végétaux piégés dans des tourbières. Ainsi, par téphrochronologie et datation radiocarbone, il est possible d’obtenir des dates pour caler les événements gravitaires. Les modèles âge-profondeur sont également utilisés pour affiner les résultats. Ainsi, les glissements de terrain islandais, datés avec plus ou moins de précisions, donnent des âges postglaciaires compatibles avec le schéma d’une mise en place paraglaciaire dans les tous premiers temps de l’Holocène.
Keywords: Holocene Climatic Changes Landslides Paraglacial adjustment Rock slope failures
Programme: 1266
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Courtillot, V.; Le Mouël, J.-L. (2007). The study of Earth's magnetism (1269–1950): A foundation by Peregrinus and subsequent development of geomagnetism and paleomagnetism. Reviews of geophysics, 45.
Abstract: This paper summarizes the histories of geomagnetism and paleomagnetism (1269–1950). The role of Peregrinus is emphasized. In the sixteenth century a debate on local versus global departures of the field from that of an axial dipole pitted Gilbert against Le Nautonier. Regular measurements were undertaken in the seventeenth century. At the turn of the nineteenth century, de Lamanon, de Rossel, and von Humboldt discovered the decrease of intensity as one approaches the equator. Around 1850, three figures of rock magnetism were Fournet (remanent and induced magnetizations), Delesse (remagnetization in a direction opposite to the original), and Melloni (direction of lava magnetization acquired at time of cooling). Around 1900, Brunhes discovered magnetic reversals. In the 1920s, Chevallier produced the first magnetostratigraphy and hypothesized that poles had undergone enormous displacements. Matuyama showed that the Earth's field had reversed before the Pleistocene. Our review ends in the 1940s, when exponential development of geomagnetism and paleomagnetism starts.
Keywords: history; geomagnetism; paleomagnetism; 1599 Geomagnetism and Paleomagnetism: General or miscellaneous; 1714 History of Geophysics: Geomagnetism and paleomagnetism; 5440 Planetary Sciences: Solid Surface Planets: Magnetic fields and magnetism; 7999 Space Weather: General or miscellaneous; 9820 General or Miscellaneous: Techniques applicable in three or more fields
Programme: 139
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Charlène Guillaumot, Alexis Martin, Marc Eléaume, Thomas Saucède. (2018). Methods for improving species distribution models in data-poor areas: example of sub-Antarctic benthic species on the Kerguelen Plateau (Vol. 594).
Abstract: Species distribution models (SDMs) are essential tools to aid conservation biologists in evaluating the combined effects of environmental change and human activities on natural habitats and for the development of relevant conservation plans. However, modeling species distributions over vast and remote regions is often challenging due to poor and heterogeneous data sets, and this raises questions regarding the relevance of the modeling procedures. In recent years, there have been many methodological developments in SDM procedures using virtual species and broad data sets, but few solutions have been proposed to deal with poor or heterogeneous data. In the present work, we address this methodological challenge by studying the performance of different modeling procedures based on 4 real species, using presence-only data compiled from various oceanographic surveys on the Kerguelen Plateau (Southern Ocean). We followed a practical protocol to test for the reliability and performance of the models and to correct for limited and aggregated data, as well as accounting for spatial and temporal sampling biases. Our results show that producing reliable SDMs is feasible as long as the amount and quality of available data allow testing and correcting for these biases. However, we found that SDMs could be corrected for spatial and temporal heterogeneities in only 1 of the 4 species we examined, highlighting the need to consider all potential biases when modeling species distributions. Finally, we show that model reliability and performance also depend on the interaction between the incompleteness of the data and species niches, with the distribution of narrow-niche species being less sensitive to data gaps than species occupying wider niches.
Keywords: Historical datasets Kerguelen Plateau Model performance Presence-only data Species distribution modeling
Programme: 1044
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Delord Karine, Barbraud Christophe, Bost Charles-André, Deceuninck Bernard, Lefebvre Thierry, Lutz Rose, Micol Thierry, Phillips Richard A, Trathan Phil N, Weimerskirch Henri, . (2014). Areas of importance for seabirds tracked from French southern territories, and recommendations for conservation
. Marine Policy, 48, 1–13.
Keywords: High Sea, Key areas, Marine Important Bird Area, Seabirds, Southern Ocean, Tracking,
Programme: 109;394
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Julia Maillard, François Ravetta, Jean-Christophe Raut, Gilberto J. Fochesatto, Kathy S. Law. (2022). Modulation of Boundary-Layer Stability and the Surface Energy Budget by a Local Flow in Central Alaska (Vol. 185).
Abstract: The pre-ALPACA (Alaskan Layered Pollution And Chemical Analysis) 2019 winter campaign took place in Fairbanks, Alaska, in November–December 2019. One objective of the campaign was to study the life-cycle of surface-based temperature inversions and the associated surface energy budget changes. Several instruments, including a 4-component radiometer and sonic anemometer were deployed in the open, snow-covered University of Alaska Fairbanks (UAF) Campus Agricultural Field. A local flow from a connecting valley occurs at this site. This flow is characterized by locally elevated wind speeds (greater than 3 m s$$^{-1}$$) under clear-sky conditions and a north-westerly direction. It is notably different to the wind observed at the airport more than 3.5 km to the south-west. The surface energy budget at the UAF Field site exhibits two preferential modes. In the first mode, turbulent sensible heat and net longwave fluxes are close to 0 W m$$^{-2}$$, linked to the presence of clouds and generally low winds. In the second, the net longwave flux is around − 50 W m$$^{-2}$$and the turbulent sensible heat flux is around 15 W m$$^{-2}$$, linked to clear skies and elevated wind speeds. The development of surface-based temperature inversions at the field is hindered compared to the airport because the local flow sustains vertical mixing. In this second mode the residual of the surface energy budget is large, possibly due to horizontal temperature advection.
Keywords: High latitude Local flow Surface energy budget Surface temperature inversion Winter
Programme: 1215
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Marine Bourriquen, Agnès Baltzer, Denis Mercier, Jérôme Fournier, Laurent Pérez, Sylvain Haquin, Eric Bernard, Maria Jensen. (2016). Coastal evolution and sedimentary mobility of Brøgger Peninsula, northwest Spitsbergen (Vol. 39).
Abstract: Since the end of the Little Ice Age (LIA), Svalbard glaciers have undergone a net retreat in response to changing meteorological conditions. Located between 76°N and 80°N, western Spitsbergen has seen a climatic transition from a glacial to a paraglacial system. On the northern shore of the Brøgger Peninsula (northwest Spitsbergen), the average temperature increased by 3 °C between 1965 and 2015, and cold-based valley glaciers have retreated more than 1 km from their LIA limits. This rapid deglaciation has exposed large areas of glacigenic sediments being easily reworked by runoff. This has led to the formation of extensive glacier-river delta systems and coastal progradation. Post-LIA coastal progradation and formation of new landforms in Kongsfjorden have been controlled predominantly by substantial availability of glacial sediment. A combination of aerial photographic and field data has been employed to estimate the post-LIA evolution of coastal sandur deltas and their submarine parts (named here “prodeltas”). The data set reveals that delta shoreline advance could have reached around 5 m/year. between 1966 and 1990 for the most energetic delta of Austre Lovenbreen, and around 4 m/year between 2011 and 2014 for the most energetic delta of Midtre Lovenbreen. The prodeltas registered a net growth from 2009 to 2012: the biggest, located in the prolongation of deltas of Austre Lovenbreen, measured 1033 m in length in 2009 and 1180 m in length in 2012. This substantial amount of sediment supplied in the fjord has an impact on the fjord ecology, especially on the benthic ecosystem.
Keywords: High Arctic Paraglacial Sedimentary flux Submarine and aerial coastal evolution Svalbard
Programme: 1223
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Silvia Queipo-Abad, Zoyne Pedrero, Claudia Marchán-Moreno, Khouloud El Hanafi, Sylvain Bérail, Warren T. Corns, Yves Cherel, Paco Bustamante, David Amouroux. (2022). New insights into the biomineralization of mercury selenide nanoparticles through stable isotope analysis in giant petrel tissues (Vol. 425).
Abstract: Tiemannite (HgSe) is considered the end-product of methylmercury (MeHg) demethylation in vertebrates. The biomineralization of HgSe nanoparticles (NPs) is understood to be an efficient MeHg detoxification mechanism; however, the process has not yet been fully elucidated. In order to contribute to the understanding of complex Hg metabolism and HgSe NPs formation, the Hg isotopic signatures of 40 samples of 11 giant petrels were measured. This seabird species is one of the largest avian scavengers in the Southern Ocean, highly exposed to MeHg through their diet, reaching Hg concentrations in the liver up to more than 900 µg g-1. This work constitutes the first species-specific isotopic measurement (δ202Hg, Δ199Hg) of HgSe NPs in seabirds and the largest characterization of this compound in biota. Similar δ202Hg values specifically associated to HgSe (δ202HgHgSe) and tissues (δ202Hgbulk) dominated by inorganic Hg species were found, suggesting that no isotopic fractionation is induced during the biomineralization step from the precursor (demethylated) species. In contrast, the largest variations between δ202Hgbulk and δ202HgHgSe were observed in muscle and brain tissues. This could be attributed to the higher fraction of Hg present as MeHg in these tissues. Hg-biomolecules screening highlights the importance of the isotopic characterization of these (unknown) complexes.
Keywords: HgSe nanoparticles Isotopic fractionation MeHg demethylation Mercury Seabirds
Programme: 109
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