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Author |
Charlène Gémard, Thierry Aubin, Francesco Bonadonna |
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Title |
Males’ calls carry information about individual identity and morphological characteristics of the caller in burrowing petrels |
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Year |
2019 |
Publication |
Journal of Avian Biology |
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50 |
Issue |
12 |
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Keywords  |
identity petrels phenotypic features seabirds sexual selection vocal communications |
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Abstract |
Acoustic communication in burrowing petrels has been poorly studied. However, as for many other bird species, acoustic communication seems to play an essential role in social interactions during the breeding season of these seabirds. Bachelor males call from their burrow, likely to attract females, but also when vocally challenged by other males. Calling in the breeding colony exposes petrels to high predation risks and thus it should provide an important benefit. The present study focuses on the informative content of males’ calls in the blue petrel Halobaena caerulea and the Antarctic prion Pachyptila desolata, two monogamous petrel species producing a single egg per year. We tested the hypotheses that acoustic parameters of a male's calls 1) reflect phenotypic characteristics, and 2) bear an individual vocal signature. To do so, we first tested on both species the relationships between seven morphometric measurements and 11 acoustic parameters using multivariate analyses. Second, we performed a between-class analysis and calculated the potential of individuality coding (i.e. the ratio between intra- and inter-individual variabilities) for acoustic parameters in both spectral and temporal domains. Results show acoustic parameters (especially energy quartiles, call duration, and syllable or phrase rate) reflect the caller's body size, bill morphology and wing morphology in both species. Considering the seeming pertinence of wing morphology, we suggest wing area may be a more relevant trait to consider than wing length when studying soaring birds. The results support the idea that energy quartiles, phrase rate and call duration also code for individual identity. Information carried by males’ calls might play a role in social interactions, such as burrow defence (e.g. male-male competition, neighbour-stranger discrimination) and/or female mate choice. |
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1600-048X |
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yes |
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7711 |
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Sonnette L, Angelier J, Villemin T, Bergerat F, |
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Title |
Faulting and fissuring in active oceanic rift: Surface expression, distribution and tectonicvolcanic interaction in the Thingvellir Fissure Swarm, Iceland
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2010 |
Publication |
Journal of Structural Geology |
Abbreviated Journal |
0191-8141 |
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Volume |
32 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
407-422 |
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Keywords |
Icelandic rift, Thingvellir Fissure Swarm, Geomorphology, Photogrammetry, Normal fault growth, Rock fracture mechanics, |
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Abstract |
Iceland brings exceptional opportunity for analysing extension related to rifting of the Mid-Atlantic ridge, especially revealing fresh structural patterns in active fissure swarms. Post-glacial fracture systems of the Thingvellir rift segment of the West Volcanic Zone (WVZ) and interaction with holocene lava flow overlapping are analysed in detail in this paper. We mapped 5390 fractures at metric to kilometric scales in order to realise a precise structural map, a representative fault length distribution analysis and some statistical calculations in terms of fault length/number growth rates from Holocene to recent time. Mapping and 3-D geometrical analysis of faults and fissures are based on use of photogrammetric techniques, GPS positioning at ground control points and validation from geological field work. This approach allowed us to measure the vertical throw distribution along 52 faults with a precision around 0.51 m. Most of these faults have symmetric serrated fault-displacement profiles; however some of them have profiles offset to the north or south. Fault vertical offset as a function of the age of the hosting lava flows are presented too. Finally, from the study of 70 transverse topographic profiles and the fault offset analysis, we propose a propagation model for Holocene fissure development, partly controlled by Pleistocene tectonic inheritance. Our model takes into special account alternating volcanic events and faulting. Simple fissure zones with small hangingwall monocline or more complex scarp zones with graben and larger hangingwall monocline developed. Because of lava flow accumulation during the rift extension, estimating the amount of extension based on the present-day morphology would have led to severe under-evaluation. |
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yes |
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3215 |
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Author |
Plateaux Romain, Bergerat Françoise, Béthoux Nicole, Villemin Thierry, Gerbault Muriel, |
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Title |
Implications of fracturing mechanisms and fluid pressure on earthquakes and fault slip data in the east Iceland rift zone
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2011 |
Publication |
Tectonophysics |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Pages |
- |
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Keywords |
Icelandic rift, Stress permutation, Volcano-tectonics, Paleostresses, Fluid pore pressure, Fracturing mechanisms, |
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Abstract |
Comparison of the eroded off-rift zone left inactive by plate motion with the inner active seismic rift zone allows us to constrain the fracturing mechanisms. In eastern off-rift zone, we measured 423 fault slips (including normal and strike-slip faults). Inversion of fault slip data reveals the parallelism of the minimum stress (3) computed for the normal and for the strike-slip faulting, and consistency with the direction of plate divergence. North of the Vatnajökull, in the active rift zone, we analysed 14,250 earthquakes recorded by the Icelandic Meteorological Office (IMO) between 2004 and 2009, especially northeast of the Askja volcano. Two main average focal depths were determined at 5 km (Herðubreið table mountain) and 15 km (Upptyppingar hyaloclastite ridge). The double couple focal mechanisms determined by IMO revealed that more than half of the mechanisms are strike-slip. Faulting type both in active and off-rift zone reveals an unusual importance of strike-slip regime in such an extensional tectonic context. This can be explained by stress permutations (1/2). Similarities in terms of stress orientations and type of faulting are observed both in the old and present-day rift zones. We assume that the seismic events may be generated by rapid deep magma intrusion, also associated with shallower hydrothermal activities. We thus propose that the presence of fluids, shear failure (double couple focal mechanism) and stress permutations in both active and off-rift zones are closely linked. Assuming a DruckerPrager failure criterion, we evaluated analytically that a state near of lithostatic pore pressure is a necessary condition for shear failure at shallow (5 km) and deep (15 km) depth, in a simple context of crustal extension that allows for stress permutations. However, processes favouring stress permutations cannot be further constrained from our observations since the dynamics of fluid, materiel heterogeneity and post-glacial rebound can also play a significant role. |
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316 |
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0040-1951 |
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yes |
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3755 |
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Author |
Bergerat Françoise, Plateaux Romain, |
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Title |
Architecture and development of (Pliocene to Holocene) faults and fissures in the East Volcanic Zone of Iceland
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2012 |
Publication |
Comptes Rendus Geoscience |
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Volume |
344 |
Issue |
34 |
Pages |
191-204 |
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Keywords |
Icelandic rift, Fault and fissure swarms, Paleostresses, Focal mechanisms, Photogrammetry, Rift islandais, Champs de fractures, Paléocontraintes, Mécanismes au foyer, Photogrammétrie, |
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Abstract |
In Southeast Iceland, comparison between the deeply eroded off-rift and flank zones, on the one hand, and the active rift zone, on the other hand, allows us to characterize the geometry and mechanisms of faulting and fracturing since the Upper Pliocene to Holocene. We used different approaches based on the inversion of fault-slip data and of focal mechanisms of earthquakes, as well as on study of aerial photographs by means of photogrammetry. Our study reveals that about half of the past and current stress states are strike-slip whereas surface deformations are large normal faults and extensional fractures. The parallelism between the directions of extension (3) in both extensional and strike-slip regimes, implies a 1/2 stress permutations probably due to uniaxial extensional stress (1 = 2 > 3) and fluid overpressure. In detail, the deviation of 3 trajectories, probably relates to the presence of central volcanoes, which may locally induce perturbations of the general stress field. |
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316 |
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1631-0713 |
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yes |
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3978 |
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Garcia S. & Dhont D. |
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TITLE Structural analysis of the Húsavík-Flatey Transform Fault and its relationships with the rift system in Northern Iceland |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2005 |
Publication |
Geodinamica acta |
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18 |
Issue |
1 |
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31-41 |
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Keywords |
Iceland; Húsavík-Flatey Fault; Theistareykir fissure swarm; Transform-rift junction: Remote sensing |
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Abstract |
The Húsavík-Flatey Fault (HFF), partially exposed on land in the Tjörnes Peninsula, is a major dextral transform fault of the Tjörnes Fracture Zone which accommodates the movement between the North Volcanic Zone of Iceland and the Kolbeinsey Ridge. We present a revisited structural pattern of the HFF in this area, based on the mapping of tectonic features using satellite images, aerial photography, and field structural analysis. We show that the HFF comprises several WNW-trending fault segments that localise both strike-slip and normal movements, agreeing with a transtensional deformation pattern. Two different types of transform-rift connections were recognised: (1) the progressive bending of a WNW-ESE transform fault segment that merges into a N-S rift structure and further north (2) a typical triple junction between another WNW-trending transform fault segment and a N-S normal fault of the rift. Furthermore, two immature WNW-ESE-trending faults, with poorly expressed fault traces, have been observed in the northern part of the HFF. These observations are consistent with the successive formation of transform fault segments from south to north due to the northward development of the HFF together with the rift structures. |
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316 |
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0985-3111 |
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yes |
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3052 |
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Author |
Geirsson, H.; Árnadóttir, T.; Völksen, C.; Jiang, W.; Sturkell, E.; Villemin, T.; Einarsson, P.; Sigmundsson, F.; Stefánsson, R. |
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Title |
Current plate movements across the Mid-Atlantic Ridge determined from 5 years of continuous GPS measurements in Iceland |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2006 |
Publication |
Journal of geophysical research-atmospheres |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Geophys. Res. |
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111 |
Issue |
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Keywords |
Iceland crustal deformation; continuous GPS; 1240 Geodesy and Gravity: Satellite geodesy: results; 8150 Tectonophysics: Plate boundary: general; 1242 Geodesy and Gravity: Seismic cycle related deformations; 8158 Tectonophysics: Plate motions: present and recent; 7245 Seismology: Mid-ocean ridges |
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Abstract |
We analyze data spanning up to 5 years from 18 continuous GPS stations in Iceland, computing daily positions of the stations with three different high-level geodetic processing software packages. We observe large-scale crustal deformation due to plate spreading across Iceland. The observed plate divergence between the North American and the Eurasian plates is in general agreement with existing models of plate motion. Spreading is taken up within a ?100–150 km wide plate boundary zone that runs through the island. Of the two parallel branches of the plate boundary in south Iceland, the eastern volcanic zone is currently taking up the majority of the spreading and little is left for the western volcanic zone. The plate boundary deformation field has been locally and temporarily affected in south Iceland by two M w = 6.5 earthquakes in June 2000, inflation at Katla volcano during 2000 to 2004, and an eruption of Hekla volcano in February 2000. All stations with significant vertical velocities are moving up relative to the reference station REYK, with the highest velocity exceeding 20 mm/yr in the center of the island. |
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316 |
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American Geophysical Union |
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0148-0227 |
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IPEV @ Thierry.Lemaire @ |
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5578 |
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Author |
Juan Pedro Rodríguez-López, Brigitte Van Vliet-Lanoë, Jerónimo López-Martínez, Rebeca Martín-García |
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Title |
Scouring by rafted ice and cryogenic patterned ground preserved in a Palaeoproterozoic equatorial proglacial lagoon succession, eastern India, Nuna supercontinent |
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Year |
2021 |
Publication |
Marine and Petroleum Geology |
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123 |
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104766 |
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Ice-rafted debris Iceberg scouring India Palaeoproterozoic Permafrost Proglacial Reticulate ice |
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The Chaibasa Formation contains the oldest known record of ploughmarks formed by rafted ice preserved on Earth. The Palaeoproterozoic (Orosirian-Rhyacian, 1.86–2.1 Ga) Chaibasa Formation in the Dhalbhumgarh area, eastern India, represents sedimentation in an ice-contact proglacial lagoon affected by iceberg (bits and growlers) calving and lake-ice rafting. Ice scouring, both on muddy and sandy substrates, as well as ice “rosettes” developed as consequence of the ploughing action of floating icebergs that were moved by wind, meltwater floods and tidal currents on soft sediments. Muddy flats surrounding the proglacial lagoon underwent seasonal deep freezing conditions developing cryogenic patterned ground containing reticulate ice, ice veins and sand wedges, suggesting the occurrence of proglacial permafrost areas coeval with Proterozoic glaciers. The central part of the proglacial lagoon was characterized by deposition of glacial varves punctuated by pebble and cobble size angular dropstones accumulated in the basin as ice-rafted debris from floating ice. Evidences provided in this paper reinforced the idea that 1.86–2.1 Ga ago glacial conditions prevailed after the supposed ending of the Huronian glaciation. This paper provides detailed examples that can be used to recognize possible floating/drifted ice scours in other Precambrian successions, as these elements have largely passed undetected, being probably widely reported in the literature as generic soft-sediment deformation structures. Similar soft-sediment deformations from Precambrian clastic depositional systems should be re-evaluated as there is a significant possibility that most of the Precambrian iceberg-related structures had escape notice, as originally suggested Eyles et al. in 1997. |
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0264-8172 |
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6471 |
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Author |
Shin, J. |
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Title |
Millennial-scale atmospheric CO2 variations during the Marine Isotope Stage 6 |
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2019 |
Publication |
Université grenoble alpes ; co-encadrement : j. chappellaz (ige, grenoble), f. parrenin (ige, grenoble) |
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Ice-Core, Paloe-Climate, Atmospheric CO2, Carottes de glace, Paleo-Climat, CO2 atmosphérique |
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Abstract |
The main objective of this thesis is to understand the millennial variability of atmospheric CO2 during the Marine Isotope Stage 6 (MIS 6), the penultimate glacial, period (185-135 kyr BP). During the early MIS 6 period (185-160 kyr BP), 6 millennial-scale climate oscillations can be observed in proxy records of Antarctic temperature, the bipolar see-saw phenomenon in the North Atlantic region, and Monsoon intensity in low latitudes. An intensified hydrological cycle and iceberg calving in the North Atlantic may have impacted on the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation during MIS 6 (Margari et al., 2010). Atmospheric CO2 reconstructions from Antarctic ice cores can provide key information on how atmospheric CO2 concentrations are linked to millennial-scale climate changes. However, existing CO2 records from the Vostok ice core do not show the millennial variability due to the lack of suitable temporal resolution and precision. To understand atmospheric CO2 variability during MIS 6, a precision of less than 2 ppm is mandatory, because there is a possibility that we could observe small CO2 variability of less than 5 ppm during the smaller Antarctic isotope maxima events as observed during the last glacial period (Ahn and Brook, 2014; Bereiter et al., 2012).To investigate how atmospheric CO2 is related with climate change on millennial time scales during MIS 6, we reconstructed 150 samples of atmospheric CO2 data from the EPICA Dome C (EDC) ice core during the MIS 6 period (189.4-135.4 kyr BP). One minor and five major variabilities of atmospheric CO2 during the early MIS 6 period (189-160 kyr BP) were found. These variabilities are highly matched with Antarctic temperature. During the short stadials in the North Atlantic, atmospheric CO2 variations are negligible and decoupled with temperature variations in Dome C. During this period, the strength of upwelling in the southern ocean might not be sufficient to impact on atmospheric CO2. In addition, 2 modes of CO2 variations are present in the MIS 6 period. Carbon dioxide maxima (CDM) 6 lags abrupt warming in the Northern Hemisphere by only 100±360 yrs, while the lags for CDM 3 and 4 are much longer, 1,100±280 yrs on average. Theses 2 modes of CO2 variations might be related with a mode change of AMOC from the earliest MIS 6 to MIS 6.5. These two phenomena also are observed during the last glacial period. However, the limited available proxy data permit only an exploratory discussion of the mechanisms responsible for CO2 variability during MIS6. Because the boundary conditions of the last glacial period cannot be applied to MIS 6, additional proxy data and multiple modelling studies conducted during MIS 6 period are needed. |
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7931 |
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Meusinger Carl, Berhanu Tesfaye A, Erbland Joseph, Savarino Joel, Johnson Matthew S, |
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Title |
Laboratory study of nitrate photolysis in Antarctic snow. I. Observed quantum yield, domain of photolysis, and secondary chemistry
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2014 |
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Volume |
140 |
Issue |
24 |
Pages |
244305 |
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Keywords |
ice, snow, geochemistry, |
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Abstract |
Post-depositional processes alter nitrate concentration and nitrate isotopic composition in the top lay- ers of snow at sites with low snow accumulation rates, such as Dome C, Antarctica. Available nitrate ice core records can provide input for studying past atmospheres and climate if such processes are understood. It has been shown that photolysis of nitrate in the snowpack plays a major role in nitrate loss and that the photolysis products have a significant influence on the local troposphere as well as on other species in the snow. Reported quantum yields for the main reaction spans orders of magni- tude – apparently a result of whether nitrate is located at the air-ice interface or in the ice matrix – constituting the largest uncertainty in models of snowpack NOx emissions. Here, a laboratory study is presented that uses snow from Dome C and minimizes effects of desorption and recombination by flushing the snow during irradiation with UV light. A selection of UV filters allowed examination of the effects of the 200 and 305 nm absorption bands of nitrate. Nitrate concentration and photon flux were measured in the snow. The quantum yield for loss of nitrate was observed to decrease from 0.44 to 0.003 within what corresponds to days of UV exposure in Antarctica. The superposi- tion of photolysis in two photochemical domains of nitrate in snow is proposed: one of photolabile nitrate, and one of buried nitrate. The difference lies in the ability of reaction products to escape the snow crystal, versus undergoing secondary (recombination) chemistry. Modeled NOx emissions may increase significantly above measured values due to the observed quantum yield in this study. The apparent quantum yield in the 200 nm band was found to be ~1%, much lower than reported for aqueous chemistry. A companion paper presents an analysis of the change in isotopic composition of snowpack nitrate based on the same samples as in this study. |
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4925 |
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Author |
Alexander A. Kokhanovsky, Maximillian Brell, Karl Segl, Giovanni Bianchini, Christian Lanconelli, Angelo Lupi, Boyan Petkov, Ghislain Picard, Laurent Arnaud, Robert S. Stone, Sabine Chabrillat |
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Title |
First Retrievals of Surface and Atmospheric Properties Using EnMAP Measurements over Antarctica |
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Year |
2023 |
Publication |
Remote Sensing |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
15 |
Issue |
12 |
Pages |
3042 |
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Keywords |
ice grain size light scattering radiative transfer snow albedo snow remote sensing |
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Abstract |
The paper presents the first retrievals of clean snow properties using spaceborne hyperspectral observations via the Environmental Mapping and Analysis Program (EnMAP). The location close to the Concordia station at the Dome C Plateau (Antarctica) was selected. At this location, the atmospheric effects (except molecular light scattering and absorption) are weak, and the simplified atmospheric correction scheme could be applied. The ice grain size, snow specific surface area, and snow spectral and broadband albedos were retrieved using single-view EnMAP measurements. In addition, we propose a technique to retrieve trace gas concentrations (e.g., water vapor and ozone) from EnMAP observations over the snow surfaces. A close correspondence of satellite and ground-measured parameters was found. |
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Programme |
1110 |
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ISSN |
2072-4292 |
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Notes |
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Approved |
yes |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
8548 |
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