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Title |
Male-Biased Mate Competition in King Penguin Trio Parades
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Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2013 |
Publication |
ETHOLOGY |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
119 |
Issue  |
5 |
Pages |
389-396 |
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Abstract |
Darwin devised sexual selection theory to explain sexual dimorphisms. Further developments of the theory identified the operational sex-ratio (OSR) as one of its cornerstones, and it was commonly admitted that an OSR biased toward one sex would lead to stronger selection pressures toward that sex. Recent theoretical developments have challenged this view and showed that the OSR alone does not determine the direction of sexual selection, more particularly in mutually ornamented species exhibiting high and similar parental investment by both sexes. These developments, however, focused on mutual intersexual selection, and little is known about intrasexual selection of both males and females in species exhibiting such characteristics. The first aim of our study was to test the relative involvement of males and females in same-sex contest over mates in the king penguin, a species exhibiting mutual ornamentation of the sexes, high parental investment by both sexes, and a male-biased OSR. We investigated the sex composition of trio parades, which are groups of three individuals that compete for mates during pair formation. We found that these trios consist of a female trailed by two fighting males in 19 of 20 cases; the 20th trio was all male. The second aim of our study was to investigate the existence of within-sex differences in colour ornaments between individuals involved in such trios and individuals already paired. While limited sample sizes precluded detection of statistically significant differences between trios vs. pairs, reflectance measurements suggested that the beak spot of males in trios were more strongly ultraviolet than the beak spot of males in pairs. We concluded that intrasexual selection in our colony follows the typical pattern of mate competition observed in species in which sexual dimorphisms and OSR are male biased, and discussed the ultraviolet difference within the framework of the king penguins' colour perception. |
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354 |
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ISSN |
1439-0310 |
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yes |
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4583 |
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Title |
Colouration in Atlantic puffins and blacklegged kittiwakes: monochromatism and links to body condition in both sexes
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Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2013 |
Publication |
Journal of Avian Biology |
Abbreviated Journal |
0908-8857 |
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Volume |
44 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
451-460 |
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Keywords |
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Abstract |
Sexual dimorphism is widely used as an indirect measure of the intensity of sexual selection. It is also a way to evaluate whether different selective pressures act on males and females. Dichromatism, defined as a difference in colouration between males and females, may for instance result from selection for crypsis in females and selection for conspicuousness in males. Here, we conducted a study to investigate whether differential sexual selective pressures might act on the colour traits of two colonial seabird species, the Atlantic puffin Fratercula artica and the black-legged kittiwake Rissa tricactyla. First, we used spectrophotometry and visual modelling to determine whether these presumed monomorphic birds are really monochromatic from an avian perspective (birds and humans have a different vision). Second, we estimated whether some of their colourations have the potential to be sexually or socially selected by determining whether these colourations were related to body condition in males and females, and whether the yellow, orange and red colourations may contain carotenoid pigments. Our results indicated that both species were fully monochromatic from an avian perspective. Moreover, our preliminary analyses suggested that the yellow, orange and red colours of these birds contained carotenoids. Lastly, some indices of colouration were positively linked to estimates of condition. Birds in better condition had redder gape (both species) and bill (puffins). In puffins, the relation between condition and gape colouration was significantly stronger in females than males. By contrast, the size of the gape rosette was larger in males than females. The positive links we found between colour indices and condition, together with the absence of sexual dichromatism, suggest that mutual sexual selection may act in these two species.
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333 |
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Blackwell Publishing Ltd |
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ISSN |
1600-048X |
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yes |
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Serial |
4708 |
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Author |
M Chadid and J Vernin and G Preston and C Zalian and C Pouzenc and L Abe and A Agabi and E Aristidi and LY Liu and D, |
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Title |
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Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2014 |
Publication |
The Astronomical Journal |
Abbreviated Journal |
Astron. J. (N. Y.) |
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Volume |
148 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
88- |
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Abstract |
We present the first detection of multi-shocks propagating through the atmosphere of the Blazhko star S Arae using uninterrupted, accurate optical photometric data collected during one polar night, 150 days from Antarctica at Dome C, with the Photometer AntarctIca eXtinction (PAIX). We acquired 89,736 CCD frames during 323 pulsation cycles and 3 Blazhko cycles. We detected two new light curve properties in the PAIX light curve, ${jump}$ and ${rump}$, which we associated with two new post-maximum shock waves ShPM1 and ShPM2. ${jump}$, lump, ${rump}$, bump, and hump are induced by five shock waves, with different amplitudes and origins, ShPM1, ShPM, ShPM2, ShPM3, and the main shock ShH + He. Correlations between the length of rise time and light amplitude and ShPM3 are monotonous during three Blazhko cycles, but the pulsation curve is double peaked. We discuss the physical mechanisms driving the modulation of these quantities. Finally, we hypothesize that the origin of the Blazhko effect is a dynamical interaction between a multi-shock structure and an outflowing wind in a coronal structure. |
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Programme |
1096 |
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ISSN |
1538-3881 |
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yes |
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Serial |
4906 |
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Author |
Garnier Romain, Gandon Sylvain, Harding Karin C, Boulinier Thierry, |
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Title |
Length of intervals between epidemics: evaluating the influence of maternal transfer of immunity
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2014 |
Publication |
Ecology and Evolution |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
4 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
568-575 |
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Keywords |
Epidemiology, harbor seal, maternal antibodies, phocine distemper, |
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Abstract |
The length of intervals between epidemic outbreaks of infectious diseases is critical in epidemiology. In several species of marine mammals and birds, it is pivotal to also consider the life history of the species of concern, as the contact rate between individuals can have a seasonal flux, for example, due to aggregations during the breeding season. Recently, particular interest has been given to the role of the dynamics of immunity in determining the intervals between epidemics in wild animal populations. One potentially powerful, but often neglected, process in this context is the maternal transfer of immunity. Here, we explore theoretically how the transfer of maternal antibodies can delay the recurrence of epidemics using Phocine Distemper in harbor seals as an example of a system in which epidemic outbreaks are followed by pathogen extinction. We show that the presence of temporarily protected newborns can significantly increase the predicted interval between epidemics, and this effect is strongly dependent on the degree of synchrony in the breeding season. Furthermore, we found that stochasticity in the onset of epidemics in combination with maternally acquired immunity increases the predicted intervals between epidemics even more. These effects arise because newborns with maternal antibodies temporarily boost population level immunity above the threshold of herd immunity, particularly when breeding is synchronous. Overall, our results show that maternal antibodies can have a profound influence on the dynamics of wildlife epidemics, notably in gregarious species such as many marine mammals and seabirds.
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333 |
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ISSN |
2045-7758 |
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yes |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
4947 |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2014 |
Publication |
BEHAVIORAL ECOLOGY AND SOCIOBIOLOGY |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. |
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Volume |
68 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
721-732- |
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Keywords |
Time budget, Behavior, Glucocorticoid, Pygoscelis adeliae, Reproduction, Reproductive performances, |
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Abstract |
Glucocorticoid hormones (GCs) are important mediators of physiological and behavioral responses to stress. While many studies have evaluated the environmental, behavioral, or physiological correlates of GCs and their effects on reproductive performances, further work is needed to clarify the relationship between GCs and fitness. Assessing the effects of increased GC levels on specific behaviors of breeding animals should improve our understanding of how GCs affect parental care. In this experimental study, we measured the effects of an experimental increase in corticosterone (CORT, the main avian GC) levels on the behavior of free-living male Ad,lie penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae) within the colony, their reproductive output, and the indirect consequences of both on the behavior of their partners. We show that increased CORT levels in males decreased their foraging time at sea while increased their attendance at the nest, although their attentiveness toward the nest itself decreased. In addition, treated males spent more time on comfort behaviors (e.g., preening), vocalizing, and engaging in positive social interactions relative to controls. Treatment further affected the behavior of their partners, but not chick begging and feeding rates. Penguins with increased CORT levels also exhibited decreased reproductive output. Previous studies of Ad,lie penguins in different life history stages and environmental conditions suggest that the consequences of CORT treatment on reproductive performance are context-dependent. In addition to the potential delay in the effects of increased CORT levels on reproduction, this context dependence should be taken into account when studying the behavior of free-living animals in relation to stress-inducing situations.
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1091 |
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Springer Berlin Heidelberg |
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0340-5443 |
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yes |
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Serial |
4996 |
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Author |
Sanial V, van Beek P, Lansard B, Souhaut M, Kestenare E, d'Ovidio F, Zhou M, Blain S, |
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Title |
Use of Ra isotopes to deduce rapid transfer of sediment-derived inputs off Kerguelen
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2015 |
Publication |
Biogeosciences |
Abbreviated Journal |
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12 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
1415-1430 |
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Abstract |
KEOPS-2 Special Issue |
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Programme |
1077 |
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Copernicus Publications |
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ISSN |
1726-4189 |
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yes |
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5277 |
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Author |
Tremblay Sylvain, Bhiry Najat, Lavoie Martin, |
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Title |
Long-term dynamics of a palsa in the sporadic permafrost zone of northwestern Quebec (Canada)
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2014 |
Publication |
Can. J. Earth Sci. |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
51 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
500-509 |
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1080 |
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NRC Research Press |
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0008-4077 |
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yes |
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Serial |
5559 |
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Author |
Guinet C, Tixier P, Gasco N, Duhamel G, |
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Title |
Long-term studies of Crozet Island killer whales are fundamental to understanding the economic and demographic consequences of their depredation behaviour on the Patagonian toothfish fishery
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Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2014 |
Publication |
ICES Journal of Marine Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
72 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
1587-1597 |
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Abstract |
This paper provides a synthesis of results obtained as part of a long-term collaborative study involving biologists, fishers, and resource managers--centring on the occurrence of killer whales in the Crozet Archipelago before and after the implementation of a demersal longline fishery for Patagonian toothfish. Depredation behaviour was reported as soon as the fishery was initiated, with dramatic effects on both the demographic trajectories of the killer whales and on the amount of fish lost by the fishers. Killer whales interacting with the fishery exhibited very high mortality rates when illegal fishing took place, while killer whales not interacting were unaffected. However, after illegal fishing ended, killer whales interacting with the fishery exhibited both higher fecundity and survival rates compared with killer whales not interacting. Since whales typically removed fish entirely from the hooks, an adapted methodology that did not rely on determining the number of damaged fish was developed to estimate depredation rates. In the Crozet EEZ over a 10-year period, 33.9% of the total amount of Patagonian toothfish caught, representing a total of 28 million {euro}, was estimated to be lost due to the combined effects of killer whale and sperm whale depredation. In an effort to reduce depredation losses, modifications to fishing methods, such as changing the fishing season, changing fishing areas when exposed to depredation and changing longline length and hauling speed were successfully tested. Acoustic deterrent devices were ineffective in deterring killer whales from depredating longlines. Alternative fishing gears, such as fish pots, were also tested. However, while providing encouraging results regarding the suppression of depredation and seabird bycatch, fish pots were not efficient enough to sustain an economically viable fishery. In conclusion, we discuss how the findings of this comprehensive study can be used elsewhere in fisheries confronted with depredation.
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109 |
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yes |
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5918 |
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Author |
Tixier P, Vacquie Garcia J, Gasco N, Duhamel G, Guinet C, |
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Title |
Mitigating killer whale depredation on demersal longline fisheries by changing fishing practices
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Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2014 |
Publication |
ICES Journal of Marine Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
1054-3139 |
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Volume |
72 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
1610-1620 |
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Abstract |
Odontocete depredation on longlines involves socioeconomic and conservation issues with significant losses for fisheries and potential impacts on wild populations of depredating species. As technical solutions to this conflict are limited and difficult to implement, this study aimed to identify fishing practices that could reduce odontocete depredation, with a focus on killer whales (Orcinus orca) interacting with Patagonian toothfish (Dissostichus eleginoides) longliners off the Crozet islands. Data collected by fishery observers from 6013 longline sets between 2003 and 2013 allowed us to statistically detect the significant influence of five operational variables using GLMMs. The probability of interactions between vessels and killer whales was decreased by (i) the number of vessels operating simultaneously in the area: the limited number of depredating killer whales may induce a dilution effect with increased fleet size, and (ii) depth of longline sets: vessels operating in shallow waters may be more accessible to whales that are initially distributed on peri-insular shelves. The cpue was negatively influenced by (iii) length of longlines: longer sets may provide killer whales access to a greater proportion of hooked fish per set, and positively influenced by (iv) hauling speed: increased speed may shorten the time during which toothfish are accessible to whales during hauling. The time it takes for killer whales to reach vessels was positively correlated to (v) the distance travelled between longline sets with an estimated threshold of 100 km beyond which whales seem to temporarily lose track of vessels. These findings provide insightful guidelines about what fishing strategy to adopt given these variables to reduce killer whale depredation here and in similar situations elsewhere. To a greater extent, this study is illustrative of how collaborative work with fishermen in a fully controlled fishery framework may lead to the definition of cost-limited and easy-to-implement mitigation solutions when facing such human-wildlife conflict.
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109 |
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1054-3139 |
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yes |
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5923 |
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Author |
Tixier P, Gasco N, Duhamel G, Guinet C, |
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Title |
Habituation to an acoustic harassment device (AHD) by killer whales depredating demersal longlines
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Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2014 |
Publication |
ICES Journal of Marine Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
72 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
1673-1681 |
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Abstract |
Acoustic harassment devices (AHDs) have been increasingly implemented in various fisheries that suffer significant losses caused by odontocete depredation. However, the efficacy of AHDs to deter odontocetes from fishing gear remains poorly investigated. To determine the effectiveness of AHDs in deterring depredation, we experimentally tested a high amplitude device (195 dB re 1 Pa 6.5 kHz 1 m from the source) from a Patagonian toothfish Dissostichus elegenoides longliner operating off the Crozet Islands, while it was subjected to heavy depredation by killer whales Orcinus orca. This species usually depredates longlines within a 10- to 300-m range from the vessel, as they only have access to fishing gear during hauling. We expected this distance to increase in response to the acoustic disturbance created by the AHD. The distances of 29 killer whales from the vessel (n = 1812 records) were collected during phases of AHD activation and phases during which the AHD was turned off. Two multiexposed killer whale social units fled over 700 m away from the vessel when first exposed to the AHD. However, they remained within a 10- to 300-m range and depredated longlines again past the third and seventh exposures, respectively, showing an insignificant behavioural response to further activations of the AHD. When tested through generalized linear mixed models, the effect of AHD activation was only significant when killer whales were first exposed to the device. However, the effect disappeared after successive exposures suggesting that killer whales became habituated to the AHD and may sustain potentially harmful hearing disturbance to access the resource made available by longliners. In addition to raising significant conservation concerns, this rapid return of initial depredation behaviour strongly suggests that AHDs are ineffective at deterring depredating killer whales, and that fisheries should favour the use of other mitigation techniques when facing repeated depredation by this species.
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109 |
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1054-3139 |
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yes |
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Serial |
5927 |
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