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Author |
Samara Danel, Timothée Zidat, Annick Lucas, Dora Biro, Francesco Bonadonna |
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Title |
First description of nest-decoration behaviour in a wild sub-Antarctic shorebird |
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Journal |
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Year |
2021 |
Publication |
Behavioural Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
188 |
Issue  |
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Pages |
104408 |
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Keywords |
Animal communication Extended phenotype Nest decoration Non-bodily ornament Signal |
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Abstract |
A wide range of animal species accumulate objects in, on, and/or around structures they build. Sometimes, these accumulations serve specific functions (e.g. structural or isolating features) or are purely incidental, while in other cases the materials are deliberately displayed to serve signalling purposes (extended phenotype signals). In this pilot study, we employed systematic in situ observations and camera trapping to describe for the first time that both partners of a territorial shorebird, the black-faced sheathbill (Chionis minor ssp minor) collect, carry, and arrange colourful marine shells and dry twigs within and around their nest cavity. Our observations expand the taxonomic breadth of avian extended phenotype signals, by showing that at least one species within a largely understudied group i.e., Charadriiformes, exhibits nest-decoration behaviour. Multiple manipulative experiments are needed to explore further the signalling function of these decorations, which opens new exciting avenues for animal communication and cognition research. |
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354 |
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0376-6357 |
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yes |
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7953 |
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Author |
G. Hubert, S. Aubry |
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Title |
Simulation of atmospheric cosmic-rays and their impacts based on pre-calculated databases, physical models and computational methods |
Type |
Journal |
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Year |
2021 |
Publication |
Journal of Computational Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
51 |
Issue |
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Pages |
101307 |
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Keywords |
Ambient dose equivalent Atmospheric cosmic-rays Cosmogenic nuclide production Multi-physics Single event effect |
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Abstract |
The atmospheric cosmic-ray environment is composed of secondary particles produced when primary cosmic rays interact with the nucleus of atmospheric atoms. Modeling of atmospheric radiations is essential for investigating their impacts on human activities such as radiation risks in aviation or scientific fields such as cosmogenic dating. The nuclear transport codes are a common and accurate way to model the cosmic ray interaction in the atmosphere with minimal approximations. However, tracking all produced secondary particles in each event in the whole depth of the atmosphere and sampling many events to obtain the statistically meaningful results would be a computational challenge and disadvantageous from the point of view of time consumption. This paper presents a computational platform names ATMOS CORE based on pre-calculated databases coupled to physical models and computational methods. The fields of application concern the atmospheric cosmic-rays characterization as well as their effects on electronics systems, on the ambient dose for aircrews or the cosmogenic nuclide production for dating activities. Some comparisons between simulations and measurements are also presented and discussed. |
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1112 |
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1877-7503 |
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yes |
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7957 |
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Andrés Barbosa, Arvind Varsani, Virginia Morandini, Wray Grimaldi, Ralph E. T. Vanstreels, Julia I. Diaz, Thierry Boulinier, Meagan Dewar, Daniel González-Acuña, Rachael Gray, Clive R. McMahon, Gary Miller, Michelle Power, Amandine Gamble, Michelle Wille |
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Title |
Risk assessment of SARS-CoV-2 in Antarctic wildlife |
Type |
Journal |
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Year |
2021 |
Publication |
Science of The Total Environment |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
755 |
Issue |
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Pages |
143352 |
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Keywords |
Antarctica Coronavirus COVID-19 Mitigation measures Reverse zoonoses Transmission |
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Abstract |
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This pathogen has spread rapidly across the world, causing high numbers of deaths and significant social and economic impacts. SARS-CoV-2 is a novel coronavirus with a suggested zoonotic origin with the potential for cross-species transmission among animals. Antarctica can be considered the only continent free of SARS-CoV-2. Therefore, concerns have been expressed regarding the potential human introduction of this virus to the continent through the activities of research or tourism to minimise the effects on human health, and the potential for virus transmission to Antarctic wildlife. We assess the reverse-zoonotic transmission risk to Antarctic wildlife by considering the available information on host susceptibility, dynamics of the infection in humans, and contact interactions between humans and Antarctic wildlife. The environmental conditions in Antarctica seem to be favourable for the virus stability. Indoor spaces such as those at research stations, research vessels or tourist cruise ships could allow for more transmission among humans and depending on their movements between different locations the virus could be spread across the continent. Among Antarctic wildlife previous in silico analyses suggested that cetaceans are at greater risk of infection whereas seals and birds appear to be at a low infection risk. However, caution needed until further research is carried out and consequently, the precautionary principle should be applied. Field researchers handling animals are identified as the human group posing the highest risk of transmission to animals while tourists and other personnel pose a significant risk only when in close proximity (< 5 m) to Antarctic fauna. We highlight measures to reduce the risk as well as identify of knowledge gaps related to this issue. |
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1151 |
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ISSN |
0048-9697 |
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yes |
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7960 |
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Author |
Matteo Feltracco, Elena Barbaro, Clara J. M. Hoppe, Klara K. E. Wolf, Andrea Spolaor, Rose Layton, Christoph Keuschnig, Carlo Barbante, Andrea Gambaro, Catherine Larose |
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Title |
Airborne bacteria and particulate chemistry capture Phytoplankton bloom dynamics in an Arctic fjord |
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Journal |
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Year |
2021 |
Publication |
Atmospheric Environment |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
256 |
Issue |
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Pages |
118458 |
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Keywords |
Air-to-sea exchanges Amino acids Arctic Atmospheric microorganisms Marine phytoplankton bloom |
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Abstract |
Primary biological aerosol particles and microorganisms are ubiquitous in the atmosphere. Investigations of airborne chemical markers and microbial communities are critical for identifying sources, transport and transformation processes of aerosols. One potential major source of airborne chemical compounds and microbial communities (e.g. L- and D-amino acids, Flavobacteria) could be related to phytoplankton blooms that occur during the spring season in Arctic fjord systems. Here, we conducted a field study in a polar environment to investigate the occurrence in coarse and fine particles of water-soluble compounds (major ions, carboxylic acids and free L- and D-amino acids) and airborne bacterial communities in aerosol samples. The sampling was conducted with a 6 day sampling frequency at the Gruvebadet observatory, close to Ny-Ålesund (Svalbard Islands). Glycine, D-amino acids and C4- organic acids increased during the exponential phase of a marine bloom that occurred in Kongsfjorden and started to drop at the beginning of the main-bloom phase. On the other hand, Polaribacter together with free L-amino acids overlapped with the Chlorophyll a peak and the subsequent decline, and thus might constitute a useful marker for the main-bloom phase. |
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Programme |
1192 |
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Thesis |
Bachelor's thesis |
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ISSN |
1352-2310 |
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yes |
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Serial |
7963 |
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Author |
Alain Royer, Florent Domine, Alexandre Roy, Alexandre Langlois, Nicolas Marchand, Gautier Davesne |
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Title |
New northern snowpack classification linked to vegetation cover on a latitudinal mega-transect across northeastern Canada |
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Journal |
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Year |
2021 |
Publication |
Écoscience |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
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Issue |
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Pages |
1-18 |
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Keywords |
classification de la couverture de neige Gradient latitudinal interactions neige-végétation Latitudinal gradient propriétés de la neige snow cover classification snow–vegetation interaction snowpack properties |
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Abstract |
Changes in mass, extent, duration, and physical properties of snow are key elements for studying associated climate change feedbacks in northern regions. In this study, we analyzed snowpack physical properties along a ‘mega’ transect from 47°N to 83°N (4,000 km) in northeastern Canada, which includes marked transitions between ecozones from boreal forest to subarctic and arctic ecosystems. Our unique dataset of 391 detailed snowpits acquired over the last 20 years, complemented with snow data from weather stations, shows that snowpack properties such as snow water equivalent, snow depth, density, grain size and basal depth hoar fraction (DHF) are strongly linked to vegetation type. Based on these results, we propose an updated classification of snow types in three classes: boreal forest snow (47–58°N), tundra snow (58–74°N) and polar desert snow (74–83°N), which is more appropriate to the study area than the general north hemisphere classification commonly used. We also show that shrub presence along the transect contributes to a significant increase in DHF development which contributes most strongly to the thermal insulation properties of the snowpack. Overall, our analysis suggests that snow–vegetation interactions have a positive feedback effect on warming at northern latitudes. |
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1042 |
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ISSN |
1195-6860 |
ISBN |
1195-6860 |
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yes |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
7971 |
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Author |
Elena Angulo, Christophe Diagne, Liliana Ballesteros-Mejia, Tasnime Adamjy, Danish A. Ahmed, Evgeny Akulov, Achyut K. Banerjee, César Capinha, Cheikh A. K. M. Dia, Gauthier Dobigny, Virginia G. Duboscq-Carra, Marina Golivets, Phillip J. Haubrock, Gustavo Heringer, Natalia Kirichenko, Melina Kourantidou, Chunlong Liu, Martin A. Nuñez, David Renault, David Roiz, Ahmed Taheri, Laura N. H. Verbrugge, Yuya Watari, Wen Xiong, Franck Courchamp |
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Title |
Non-English languages enrich scientific knowledge: The example of economic costs of biological invasions |
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Journal |
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Year |
2021 |
Publication |
Science of The Total Environment |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
775 |
Issue |
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Pages |
144441 |
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Keywords |
Ecological bias InvaCost Knowledge gaps Management Native languages Stakeholders |
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Abstract |
We contend that the exclusive focus on the English language in scientific research might hinder effective communication between scientists and practitioners or policy makers whose mother tongue is non-English. This barrier in scientific knowledge and data transfer likely leads to significant knowledge gaps and may create biases when providing global patterns in many fields of science. To demonstrate this, we compiled data on the global economic costs of invasive alien species reported in 15 non-English languages. We compared it with equivalent data from English documents (i.e., the InvaCost database, the most up-to-date repository of invasion costs globally). The comparison of both databases (~7500 entries in total) revealed that non-English sources: (i) capture a greater amount of data than English sources alone (2500 vs. 2396 cost entries respectively); (ii) add 249 invasive species and 15 countries to those reported by English literature, and (iii) increase the global cost estimate of invasions by 16.6% (i.e., US$ 214 billion added to 1.288 trillion estimated from the English database). Additionally, 2712 cost entries — not directly comparable to the English database — were directly obtained from practitioners, revealing the value of communication between scientists and practitioners. Moreover, we demonstrated how gaps caused by overlooking non-English data resulted in significant biases in the distribution of costs across space, taxonomic groups, types of cost, and impacted sectors. Specifically, costs from Europe, at the local scale, and particularly pertaining to management, were largely under-represented in the English database. Thus, combining scientific data from English and non-English sources proves fundamental and enhances data completeness. Considering non-English sources helps alleviate biases in understanding invasion costs at a global scale. Finally, it also holds strong potential for improving management performance, coordination among experts (scientists and practitioners), and collaborative actions across countries. Note: non-English versions of the abstract and figures are provided in Appendix S5 in 12 languages. |
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Programme |
136 |
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ISSN |
0048-9697 |
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yes |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
7973 |
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Author |
C. Albert, V. S. Bråthen, S. Descamps, T. Anker-Nilssen, A. Cherenkov, S. Christensen-Dalsgaard, J. Danielsen, K. E. Erikstad, M. Gavrilo, S. A. Hanssen, H. H. Helgason, J. E. Jónsson, Y. Kolbeinsson, Y. Krasnov, M. Langset, E. Lorentzen, B. Olsen, T. K. Reiertsen, H. Strøm, G. H. Systad, G. Tertitski, P. M. Thompson, T. L. Thórarinsson, P. Bustamante, B. Moe, J. Fort |
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Title |
Inter-annual variation in winter distribution affects individual seabird contamination with mercury |
Type |
Journal |
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Year |
2021 |
Publication |
Marine Ecology Progress Series |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
676 |
Issue |
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Pages |
243-254 |
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Keywords |
Biologging Feathers Migration North Atlantic-Arctic Pollutant |
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Abstract |
Migratory seabirds are exposed to various pollutants throughout their annual cycle. Among them, mercury (Hg) is of particular concern given its large impact on animal health. Recent studies suggest that winter is a critical period for seabirds when contamination by Hg can be higher than at other times of year. However, individuals within and between species can have different migration strategies and winter distributions that could affect their exposure. Here, we combined multi-year individual tracking data and Hg measurements from 6 Arctic seabird species. We investigated whether inter-annual variations in individual winter contamination with Hg was related to seabird fidelity to a wintering site over years. First, our results show that Hg concentrations above the toxicity threshold (i.e. 5 µg g-1 dry weight in feathers) were observed in variable proportions according to species (from 2% of northern fulmars to 37% of Brünnich’s guillemots). Second, individuals with high fidelity to a wintering ground had more similar Hg concentrations among years compared to individuals with low fidelity, suggesting an effect of their migratory strategy on Hg contamination. Further, we found that the directional change in wintering areas among years influenced seabird Hg contamination, highlighting an additional effect of seabirds’ winter distribution. More specifically, individuals migrating to the northwest direction of a previous wintering ground tended to be more contaminated compared to those moving to eastern directions. These results confirm spatial differences in Hg concentration throughout the North Atlantic-Arctic and an east-west gradient increase in Hg concentrations. Verifying this trend will require more large-scale ecotoxicological studies at smaller spatial resolution. |
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Programme |
388 |
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ISSN |
0171-8630, 1616-1599 |
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yes |
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Serial |
7978 |
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Author |
Rune Dietz, Jérôme Fort, Christian Sonne, Céline Albert, Jan Ove Bustnes, Thomas Kjær Christensen, Tomasz Maciej Ciesielski, Jóhannis Danielsen, Sam Dastnai, Marcel Eens, Kjell Einar Erikstad, Anders Galatius, Svend-Erik Garbus, Olivier Gilg, Sveinn Are Hanssen, Björn Helander, Morten Helberg, Veerle L. B. Jaspers, Bjørn Munro Jenssen, Jón Einar Jónsson, Kaarina Kauhala, Yann Kolbeinsson, Line Anker Kyhn, Aili Lage Labansen, Martin Mørk Larsen, Ulf Lindstøm, Tone K. Reiertsen, Frank F. Rigét, Anna Roos, Jakob Strand, Hallvard Strøm, Signe Sveegaard, Jens Søndergaard, Jiachen Sun, Jonas Teilmann, Ole Roland Therkildsen, Thorkell Lindberg Thórarinsson, Rune Skjold Tjørnløv, Simon Wilson, Igor Eulaers |
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Title |
A risk assessment of the effects of mercury on Baltic Sea, Greater North Sea and North Atlantic wildlife, fish and bivalves |
Type |
Journal |
| |
Year |
2021 |
Publication |
Environment international |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
146 |
Issue |
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Pages |
106178 |
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Keywords |
Biological effect Bird of prey Hg Marine mammal Risk threshold Seabird |
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Abstract |
A wide range of species, including marine mammals, seabirds, birds of prey, fish and bivalves, were investigated for potential population health risks resulting from contemporary (post 2000) mercury (Hg) exposure, using novel risk thresholds based on literature and de novo contamination data. The main geographic focus is on the Baltic Sea, while data from the same species in adjacent waters, such as the Greater North Sea and North Atlantic, were included for comparative purposes. For marine mammals, 23% of the groups, each composing individuals of a specific sex and maturity from the same species in a specific study region, showed Hg-concentrations within the High Risk Category (HRC) and Severe Risk Category (SRC). The corresponding percentages for seabirds, fish and bivalves were 2.7%, 25% and 8.0%, respectively, although fish and bivalves were not represented in the SRC. Juveniles from all species showed to be at no or low risk. In comparison to the same species in the adjacent waters, i.e. the Greater North Sea and the North Atlantic, the estimated risk for Baltic populations is not considerably higher. These findings suggest that over the past few decades the Baltic Sea has improved considerably with respect to presenting Hg exposure to its local species, while it does still carry a legacy of elevated Hg levels resulting from high neighbouring industrial and agricultural activity and slow water turnover regime. |
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Programme |
1036 |
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ISSN |
0160-4120 |
ISBN |
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yes |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
7985 |
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Author |
Dj Léandri-Breton, A Tarroux, K Elliott, P Legagneux, F Angelier, P Blévin, Vs Bråthen, P Fauchald, A Goutte, W Jouanneau, S Tartu, B Moe, O Chastel |
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Title |
Long-term tracking of an Arctic-breeding seabird indicates high fidelity for pelagic wintering areas |
Type |
Journal |
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Year |
2021 |
Publication |
Marine Ecology Progress Series |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
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Issue |
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Pages |
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Keywords |
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Abstract |
Site fidelity is driven by predictable resource distributions in time and space. However, intrinsic factors related to an individual’s physiology and life-history traits can contribute to consistent foraging behaviour and movement patterns. Using 11 years of continuous geolocation tracking data (fall 2008 to spring 2019), we investigated spatiotemporal consistency in non-breeding movements in a pelagic seabird population of black-legged kittiwakes (Rissa tridactyla) breeding in the High Arctic (Svalbard). Our objective was to assess the relative importance of spatial versus temporal repeatability behind inter-annual movement consistency during winter. Most kittiwakes used pelagic regions of the western North Atlantic. Winter site fidelity was high both within and across individuals and at meso (100-1000 km) and macro scales (>1000 km). Spatial consistency in non-breeding movement was higher within than among individuals, suggesting that site fidelity might emerge from individuals’ memory to return to locations with predictable resource availability. Consistency was also stronger in space than in time, suggesting that it was driven by consistent resource pulses that may vary in time more so than in space. Nonetheless, some individuals displayed more flexibility by adopting a strategy of itinerancy during winter, and the causes of this flexibility are unclear. Specialization for key wintering areas can indicate vulnerability to environmental perturbations, with winter survival and carry-over effects arising from winter conditions as potential drivers of population dynamics |
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330 |
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ISBN |
0171-8630, 1616-1599 |
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yes |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
7988 |
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Author |
R. Olmi, M. Bittelli, G. Picard, L. Arnaud, A. Mialon, S. Priori |
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Title |
Investigating the influence of the grain size and distribution on the macroscopic dielectric properties of Antarctic firn |
Type |
Journal |
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Year |
2021 |
Publication |
Cold Regions Science and Technology |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
185 |
Issue |
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Pages |
103254 |
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Keywords |
Antarctica Close−off Dielectric measurements Dielectric model Firn Full wave EM simulations Ice cores |
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Abstract |
This study is based on the analysis of detailed measurements of firn dielectric properties performed in Antarctica through coring down to 106 m. Dielectric measurements in the frequency band (0.4–2.5 GHz) have been carried out using an open−resonator probe. Density was also measured for the same samples. The experimental results confirmed the well−known dependence of the real part of permittivity ε′ on depth and density, showing an increase of ε′ with density. The imaginary part also increases with depth with a rather complex dependence on frequency, probably due to the presence of salts or impurities. The analysis of the experimental data was performed by implementing 3D and 2D full wave numerical models, to simulate a mixture of firn crystals at prescribed densities, corresponding to the measured densities on the ice cores. The numerical analysis of the ensemble of inclusions showed that the usual symmetric formulae used for modeling ice dielectric properties agree with the average results of the simulation, but they are not able to explain the spreading of the measured data at given density. A dielectric model was then developed allowing for quantification of the dependence of dielectric properties on density, by combining two models: one consisting in firn crystals into an air host, the other assuming the presence of air inclusions into a homogeneous firn host. The weighted equation is based on the volume fraction. A simple geometric shape (ellipsoidal) is assumed for both ice crystals and air inclusions. This kind of shape is reasonable for the purpose of the dielectric study. The result is a mixture, smoothly changing from firn particles in air (low density) to air bubbles in an ice matrix (high density). A statistical analysis has been accomplished to investigate the dependence of the dielectric properties on the geometrical arrangement of the inclusions. For that purpose, a large number of simulations with different arrangements (micro−states) giving rise to the same average density (macro−states) has been carried out. The permittivity change due to micro−state variability appears to be at least two−three times the model variation due to density alone, and comparable to the measured variability at a given depth, suggesting that firn structure has a significant effect on the dielectric properties. |
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1110 |
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0165-232X |
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yes |
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7995 |
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