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Tsuruta, A., T. Aalto, L. Backman, J. Hakkarainen, I.T. van der Laan-Luijkx, M.C. Krol, R. Spahni, S. Houweling, M. Laine, M. van der Schoot, R. Langenfelds, R. Ellul, and W. Peters, Development of CarbonTracker Europe-CH4 – Part 1: system set-up and sensitivity analyses, Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., 2016a. |
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Title |
Development of CarbonTracker Europe-CH4 – Part 1: system set-up and sensitivity analyses |
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Journal Article |
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2016 |
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Geoscientific Model Development Discussions |
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CarbonTracker Europe-CH4 (CTE-CH4) inverse model versions 1.0 and 1.1 are presented. The model optimizes global surface methane emissions from biosphere and anthropogenic sources using an ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) based optimization method, using the TM5 chemistry transport model as an observation operator, and assimilating global in-situ atmospheric methane mole fraction observations. In this study, we examine sensitivity of our CH4 emission estimates on the ensemble size, covariance matrix, prior estimates, observations to be assimilated, assimilation window length, convection scheme in TM5, and model structure in the emission estimates by performing CTE-CH4 with several set-ups. The analyses show that the model is sensitive to most of the parameters and inputs that were examined. Firstly, using a large enough ensemble size stabilises the results. Secondly, using an informative covariance matrix reduces uncertainty estimates. Thirdly, agreement with discrete observations became better when assimilating continuous observations. Finally, the posterior emissions were found sensitive to the choice of prior estimates, convection scheme and model structure, particularly to their spatial distribution. The distribution of posterior mole fractions derived from posterior emissions is consistent with the observations to the extent prescribed in the various covariance estimates, indicating a satisfactory performance of our system. Academic paper: Development of CarbonTracker Europe-CH4 – Part 1: system set-up and sensitivity analyses. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/306338110DevelopmentofCarbonTrackerEurope-CH4-Part1systemset-upandsensitivityanalyses [accessed Apr 4, 2017]. |
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1991-962X |
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6403 |
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Tsuruta, A., T. Aalto, L. Backman, J. Hakkarainen, I.T. van der Laan-Luijkx, M.C. Krol, R. Spahni, S. Houweling, M. Laine, E. Dlugokencky, A.J. Gomez-Pelaez, M. van der Schoot, R. Langenfelds, R. Ellul, A. J., F. Apadula, C. Gerbig, D.G. Feist, R. Kivi, Y. Yoshida, and W. Peters |
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Title |
Development of CarbonTracker Europe-CH4 – Part 2: global methane emission estimates and their evaluation for 2000–2012. |
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Journal Article |
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2016 |
Publication |
Geoscientific model development discussions |
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Gobal methane emissions were estimated for 2000–2012 using the CarbonTracker Europe-CH4 (CTE-CH4) data assimilation system. In CTE-CH4, the anthropogenic and biosphere emissions of CH4 are simultaneously constrained by global atmospheric in-situ methane mole fraction observations. We use three configurations developed in Tsuruta et al. (2016) to assess the sensitivity of the CH4 flux estimates to (a) the number of unknown flux scaling factors to be optimized which in turn depends on the choice of underlying land-ecosystem map, and (b) on the parametrization of vertical mixing in the 30 atmospheric transport model TM5. The posterior emission estimates were evaluated by comparing simulations to surface in-situ observation sites, to profile observations made by aircraft, to dry air total column-averaged mole fractions (XCH4) observations from the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON), and to XCH4 retrievals from the Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT). Our estimated posterior mean global total emissions during 2000–2012 are 516 $\pm$ 51 Tg CH4 yr\textminus1, and emission estimates during 2007–2012 are 18 Tg CH4 yr\textminus1 greater than those from 2001–2006, mainly driven by an 35 increase in emissions from the south America temperate region, the Asia temperate region and Asia tropics. The sensitivity of the flux estimates to the underlying ecosystem map was large for the Asia temperate region and Australia, but not significant in the northern latitude regions, i.e. the north American boreal region, the north American temperate region and Europe. Instead, the posterior estimates for the northern latitude regions show larger sensitivity to the choice of convection scheme in TM5. The Gregory et al. (2000) mixing scheme with faster interhemispheric exchange leads to higher estimated CH4 emissions at northern latitudes, and lower emissions in southern latitudes, compared to the estimates using Tiedtke (1989) convection scheme. Our evaluation with non-assimilated observations showed that posterior mole fractions were better matched with the 5 observations when Gregory et al. (2000) convection scheme was used. |
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1991-962X |
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6509 |
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Locatelli R, Bousquet P, Hourdin F, Saunois M, Cozic A, Couvreux F, Grandpeix J-Y, Lefebvre M-P, Rio C, Bergamaschi P, Chambers S D, Karstens U, Kazan V, van der Laan S, Meijer H A J, Moncrieff J, Ramonet M, Scheeren H A, Schlosser C, Schmidt M, Vermeulen A, Williams A G, |
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Atmospheric transport and chemistry of trace gases in LMDz5B: evaluation and implications for inverse modelling
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Journal Article |
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2015 |
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Geosci. Model Dev. |
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8 |
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2 |
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129-150 |
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416 |
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Copernicus Publications |
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1991-9603 |
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yes |
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5345 |
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O'Connor, F. M.
Johnson, C. E.
Morgenstern, O.
Abraham, N. L.
Braesicke, P.
Dalvi, M.
Folberth, G. A.
Sanderson, M. G.
Telford, P. J.
Voulgarakis, A.
Young, P. J.
Zeng, G.
Collins, W. J.
Pyle, J. A. |
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Title |
Evaluation of the new UKCA climate-composition model – Part 2: The Troposphere |
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Journal Article |
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2014 |
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Geoscientific Model Development |
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7 |
Issue |
1 |
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41-91 |
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In this paper, we present a description of the tropospheric chemistry component of the UK Chemistry and Aerosols (UKCA) model which has been coupled to the Met Office Hadley Centre's HadGEM family of climate models. We assess the model's transport and scavenging processes, in particular focussing on convective transport, boundary layer mixing, wet scavenging and inter-hemispheric exchange. Simulations with UKCA of the short-lived radon tracer suggest that modelled distributions are comparable to those of other models and the comparison with observations indicate that apart from a few locations, boundary layer mixing and convective transport are effective in the model as a means of vertically redistributing surface emissions of radon. Comparisons of modelled lead tracer concentrations with observations suggest that UKCA captures surface concentrations in both hemispheres very well, although there is a tendency to underestimate the observed geographical and interannual variability in the Northern Hemisphere. In particular, UKCA replicates the shape and absolute concentrations of observed lead profiles, a key test in the evaluation of a model's wet scavenging scheme. The timescale for inter-hemispheric transport, calculated in the model using a simple krypton tracer experiment, does appear to be long relative to other models and could indicate deficiencies in tropical deep convection and/or insufficient boundary layer mixing. We also describe the main components of the tropospheric chemistry and evaluate it against observations and other tropospheric chemistry models. In particular, from a climate forcing perspective, present-day observed surface methane concentrations and tropospheric ozone concentrations are reproduced very well by the model, thereby making it suitable for long centennial integrations as well as studies of biogeochemical feedbacks. Results from both historical and future simulations with UKCA tropospheric chemistry are presented. Future projections of tropospheric ozone vary with the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP). In RCP2.6, for example, tropospheric ozone increases up to 2010 and then declines by 13% of its year-2000 global mean by the end of the century. In RCP8.5, tropospheric ozone continues to rise steadily throughout the 21st century, with methane being the main driving factor. Finally, we highlight aspects of the UKCA model which are undergoing and/or have undergone recent developments and are suitable for inclusion in a next-generation Earth System Model. |
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416 |
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Copernicus GmbH |
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1991-9603 |
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yes |
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5766 |
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Passalacqua, O., Gagliardini, O., Parrenin, F., Todd, J., Gillet-Chaulet, F., and Ritz, C |
![goto web page (via DOI) doi](img/doi.gif)
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Performance and applicability of a 2.5-D ice-flow model in the vicinity of a dome |
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Journal Article |
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2016 |
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Geosci. model dev. |
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9 |
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7 |
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2301-2313 |
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In ice-flow modelling, computing in 3-D requires a lot of resources, but 2-D models lack physical likelihood when the flow is diverging. That is why 2-D models accounting for the divergence, so-called 2.5-D models, are an interesting trade-off. However, the applicability of these 2.5-D models has never been systematically examined. We show that these models are ineffective in the case of highly diverging flows, but also for varying temperature, which was not suspected. |
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902 |
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Bachelor's thesis |
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1991-9603 |
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yes |
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6527 |
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Aki Tsuruta, Tuula Aalto, Leif Backman, Janne Hakkarainen, Ingrid T. van der Laan-Luijkx, Maarten C. Krol, Renato Spahni, Sander Houweling, Marko Laine, Ed Dlugokencky, Angel J. Gomez-Pelaez, Marcel van der Schoot, Ray Langenfelds, Raymond Ellul, Jgor Arduini, Francesco Apadula, Christoph Gerbig, Dietrich G. Feist, Rigel Kivi, Yukio Yoshida, Wouter Peters |
![find book details (via ISBN) isbn](img/isbn.gif)
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Title |
Global methane emission estimates for 2000–2012 from CarbonTracker Europe-CH4 v1.0 |
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Journal |
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2017 |
Publication |
Geoscientific Model Development |
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10 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
1261-1289 |
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Abstract. We present a global distribution of surface methane (CH4) emission estimates for 2000–2012 derived using the CarbonTracker Europe-CH4 (CTE-CH4) data assimilation system. In CTE-CH4, anthropogenic and biospheric CH4 emissions are simultaneously estimated based on constraints of global atmospheric in situ CH4 observations. The system was configured to either estimate only anthropogenic or biospheric sources per region, or to estimate both categories simultaneously. The latter increased the number of optimizable parameters from 62 to 78. In addition, the differences between two numerical schemes available to perform turbulent vertical mixing in the atmospheric transport model TM5 were examined. Together, the system configurations encompass important axes of uncertainty in inversions and allow us to examine the robustness of the flux estimates. The posterior emission estimates are further evaluated by comparing simulated atmospheric CH4 to surface in situ observations, vertical profiles of CH4 made by aircraft, remotely sensed dry-air total column-averaged mole fraction (XCH4) from the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON), and XCH4 from the Greenhouse gases Observing Satellite (GOSAT). The evaluation with non-assimilated observations shows that posterior XCH4 is better matched with the retrievals when the vertical mixing scheme with faster interhemispheric exchange is used. Estimated posterior mean total global emissions during 2000–2012 are 516±51Tg CH4yr−1, with an increase of 18Tg CH4yr−1 from 2000–2006 to 2007–2012. The increase is mainly driven by an increase in emissions from South American temperate, Asian temperate and Asian tropical TransCom regions. In addition, the increase is hardly sensitive to different model configurations ( < 2Tg CH4yr−1 difference), and much smaller than suggested by EDGAR v4.2 FT2010 inventory (33Tg CH4yr−1), which was used for prior anthropogenic emission estimates. The result is in good agreement with other published estimates from inverse modelling studies (16–20Tg CH4yr−1). However, this study could not conclusively separate a small trend in biospheric emissions (−5 to +6.9Tg CH4yr−1) from the much larger trend in anthropogenic emissions (15–27Tg CH4yr−1). Finally, we find that the global and North American CH4 balance could be closed over this time period without the previously suggested need to strongly increase anthropogenic CH4 emissions in the United States. With further developments, especially on the treatment of the atmospheric CH4 sink, we expect the data assimilation system presented here will be able to contribute to the ongoing interpretation of changes in this important greenhouse gas budget. |
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416 |
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1991-959X |
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1991-959X |
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yes |
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7332 |
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Ingrid T. van der Laan-Luijkx, Ivar R. van der Velde, Emma van der Veen, Aki Tsuruta, Karolina Stanislawska, Arne Babenhauserheide, Hui Fang Zhang, Yu Liu, Wei He, Huilin Chen, Kenneth A. Masarie, Maarten C. Krol, Wouter Peters |
![find book details (via ISBN) isbn](img/isbn.gif)
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Title |
The CarbonTracker Data Assimilation Shell (CTDAS) v1.0: implementation and global carbon balance 2001–2015 |
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Journal |
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Year |
2017 |
Publication |
Geoscientific Model Development |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
10 |
Issue |
7 |
Pages |
2785-2800 |
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Abstract. Data assimilation systems are used increasingly to constrain the budgets of reactive and long-lived gases measured in the atmosphere. Each trace gas has its own lifetime, dominant sources and sinks, and observational network (from flask sampling and in situ measurements to space-based remote sensing) and therefore comes with its own optimal configuration of the data assimilation. The CarbonTracker Europe data assimilation system for CO2 estimates global carbon sources and sinks, and updates are released annually and used in carbon cycle studies. CarbonTracker Europe simulations are performed using the new modular implementation of the data assimilation system: the CarbonTracker Data Assimilation Shell (CTDAS). Here, we present and document this redesign of the data assimilation code that forms the heart of CarbonTracker, specifically meant to enable easy extension and modification of the data assimilation system. This paper also presents the setup of the latest version of CarbonTracker Europe (CTE2016), including the use of the gridded state vector, and shows the resulting carbon flux estimates. We present the distribution of the carbon sinks over the hemispheres and between the land biosphere and the oceans. We show that with equal fossil fuel emissions, 2015 has a higher atmospheric CO2 growth rate compared to 2014, due to reduced net land carbon uptake in later year. The European carbon sink is especially present in the forests, and the average net uptake over 2001–2015 was 0. 17 ± 0. 11PgC yr−1 with reductions to zero during drought years. Finally, we also demonstrate the versatility of CTDAS by presenting an overview of the wide range of applications for which it has been used so far. |
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1991-959X |
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1991-959X |
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yes |
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7333 |
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Mathieu Barrere, Florent Domine, Bertrand Decharme, Samuel Morin, Vincent Vionnet, Matthieu Lafaysse |
![find book details (via ISBN) isbn](img/isbn.gif)
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Title |
Evaluating the performance of coupled snow–soil models in SURFEXv8 to simulate the permafrost thermal regime at a high Arctic site |
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2017 |
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Geoscientific Model Development |
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10 |
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9 |
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3461-3479 |
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Abstract. Climate change projections still suffer from a limited representation of the permafrost–carbon feedback. Predicting the response of permafrost temperature to climate change requires accurate simulations of Arctic snow and soil properties. This study assesses the capacity of the coupled land surface and snow models ISBA-Crocus and ISBA-ES to simulate snow and soil properties at Bylot Island, a high Arctic site. Field measurements complemented with ERA-Interim reanalyses were used to drive the models and to evaluate simulation outputs. Snow height, density, temperature, thermal conductivity and thermal insulance are examined to determine the critical variables involved in the soil and snow thermal regime. Simulated soil properties are compared to measurements of thermal conductivity, temperature and water content. The simulated snow density profiles are unrealistic, which is most likely caused by the lack of representation in snow models of the upward water vapor fluxes generated by the strong temperature gradients within the snowpack. The resulting vertical profiles of thermal conductivity are inverted compared to observations, with high simulated values at the bottom of the snowpack. Still, ISBA-Crocus manages to successfully simulate the soil temperature in winter. Results are satisfactory in summer, but the temperature of the top soil could be better reproduced by adequately representing surface organic layers, i.e., mosses and litter, and in particular their water retention capacity. Transition periods (soil freezing and thawing) are the least well reproduced because the high basal snow thermal conductivity induces an excessively rapid heat transfer between the soil and the snow in simulations. Hence, global climate models should carefully consider Arctic snow thermal properties, and especially the thermal conductivity of the basal snow layer, to perform accurate predictions of the permafrost evolution under climate change. |
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1042 |
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1991-959X |
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1991-959X |
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yes |
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7335 |
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Alexandra Touzeau, Amaëlle Landais, Samuel Morin, Laurent Arnaud, Ghislain Picard |
![find book details (via ISBN) isbn](img/isbn.gif)
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Title |
Numerical experiments on vapor diffusion in polar snow and firn and its impact on isotopes using the multi-layer energy balance model Crocus in SURFEX v8.0 |
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2018 |
Publication |
Geoscientific Model Development |
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Volume |
11 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
2393-2418 |
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Abstract. To evaluate the impact of vapor diffusion on isotopic composition variations in snow pits and then in ice cores, we introduced water isotopes in the detailed snowpack model Crocus. At each step and for each snow layer, (1) the initial isotopic composition of vapor is taken at equilibrium with the solid phase, (2) a kinetic fractionation is applied during transport, and (3) vapor is condensed or snow is sublimated to compensate for deviation to vapor pressure at saturation. We study the different effects of temperature gradient, compaction, wind compaction, and precipitation on the final vertical isotopic profiles. We also run complete simulations of vapor diffusion along isotopic gradients and of vapor diffusion driven by temperature gradients at GRIP, Greenland and at Dome C, Antarctica over periods of 1 or 10 years. The vapor diffusion tends to smooth the original seasonal signal, with an attenuation of 7 to 12% of the original signal over 10 years at GRIP. This is smaller than the observed attenuation in ice cores, indicating that the model attenuation due to diffusion is underestimated or that other processes, such as ventilation, influence attenuation. At Dome C, the attenuation is stronger (18%), probably because of the lower accumulation and stronger δ18O gradients. |
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1110 |
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1991-959X |
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1991-959X |
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yes |
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7356 |
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C. Rousset, M. Vancoppenolle, G. Madec, T. Fichefet, S. Flavoni, A. Barthélemy, R. Benshila, J. Chanut, C. Levy, S. Masson, F. Vivier |
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Title |
The Louvain-La-Neuve sea ice model LIM3.6: global and regional capabilities |
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Journal |
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2015 |
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Geoscientific Model Development |
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8 |
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10 |
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2991-3005 |
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Abstract. The New 3.6 Version Of The Louvain-la-neuve Sea Ice Model (Lim) Is Presented, As Integrated In The Most Recent Stable Release Of Nucleus For European Modelling Of The Ocean (Nemo) (3.6). The Release Will Be Used For The Next Climate Model Inter-comparison Project (Cmip6). Developments Focussed Around Three Axes: Improvements Of Robustness, Versatility And Sophistication Of The Code, Which Involved Numerous Changes. Robustness Was Improved By Enforcing Exact Conservation Through The Inspection Of The Different Processes Driving The Air–ice–ocean Exchanges Of Heat, Mass And Salt. Versatility Was Enhanced By Implementing Lateral Boundary Conditions For Sea Ice And More Flexible Ice Thickness Categories. The Latter Includes A More Practical Computation Of Category Boundaries, Parameterizations To Use Lim3.6 With A Single Ice Category And A Flux Redistributor For Coupling With Atmospheric Models That Cannot Handle Multiple Sub-grid Fluxes. Sophistication Was Upgraded By Including The Effect Of Ice And Snow Weight On The Sea Surface. We Illustrate Some Of The New Capabilities Of The Code In Two Standard Simulations. One Is An Orca2-lim3 Global Simulation At A Nominal 2° Resolution, Forced By Reference Atmospheric Climatologies. The Other One Is A Regional Simulation At 2 Km Resolution Around The Svalbard Archipelago In The Arctic Ocean, With Open Boundaries And Tides. We Show That The Lim3.6 Forms A Solid And Flexible Base For Future Scientific Studies And Model Developments. |
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1015,1244 |
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Bachelor's thesis |
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1991-959X |
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yes |
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8162 |
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