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Eveline Pinseel, Steven B. Janssens, Elie Verleyen, Pieter Vanormelingen, Tyler J. Kohler, Elisabeth M. Biersma, Koen Sabbe, Bart Van de Vijver, Wim Vyverman. (2020). Global radiation in a rare biosphere soil diatom (Vol. 11). Bachelor's thesis, , .
Abstract: Soil micro-organisms drive the global carbon and nutrient cycles that underlie essential ecosystem functions. Yet, we are only beginning to grasp the drivers of terrestrial microbial diversity and biogeography, which presents a substantial barrier to understanding community dynamics and ecosystem functioning. This is especially true for soil protists, which despite their functional significance have received comparatively less interest than their bacterial counterparts. Here, we investigate the diversification of Pinnularia borealis, a rare biosphere soil diatom species complex, using a global sampling of >800 strains. We document unprecedented high levels of species-diversity, reflecting a global radiation since the Eocene/Oligocene global cooling. Our analyses suggest diversification was largely driven by colonization of novel geographic areas and subsequent evolution in isolation. These results illuminate our understanding of how protist diversity, biogeographical patterns, and members of the rare biosphere are generated, and suggest allopatric speciation to be a powerful mechanism for diversification of micro-organisms.
Keywords: Biogeography Phylogenetics Speciation
Programme: 136,1167
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. (2022). Genomic insights into the secondary aquatic transition of penguins (Vol. 13).
Abstract: Penguins lost the ability to fly more than 60 million years ago, subsequently evolving a hyper-specialized marine body plan. Within the framework of a genome-scale, fossil-inclusive phylogeny, we identify key geological events that shaped penguin diversification and genomic signatures consistent with widespread refugia/recolonization during major climate oscillations. We further identify a suite of genes potentially underpinning adaptations related to thermoregulation, oxygenation, diving, vision, diet, immunity and body size, which might have facilitated their remarkable secondary transition to an aquatic ecology. Our analyses indicate that penguins and their sister group (Procellariiformes) have the lowest evolutionary rates yet detected in birds. Together, these findings help improve our understanding of how penguins have transitioned to the marine environment, successfully colonizing some of the most extreme environments on Earth.
Keywords: Biodiversity Evolutionary genetics Zoology
Programme: 394
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Zhendong Zhang, Jessica C. E. Irving, Frederik J. Simons, Tariq Alkhalifah. (2023). Seismic evidence for a 1000 km mantle discontinuity under the Pacific (Vol. 14).
Keywords: Geophysics Seismology
Programme: 133
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. (2022). Sunlight-driven nitrate loss records Antarctic surface mass balance (Vol. 13).
Abstract: Standard proxies for reconstructing surface mass balance (SMB) in Antarctic ice cores are often inaccurate or coarsely resolved when applied to more complicated environments away from dome summits. Here, we propose an alternative SMB proxy based on photolytic fractionation of nitrogen isotopes in nitrate observed at 114 sites throughout East Antarctica. Applying this proxy approach to nitrate in a shallow core drilled at a moderate SMB site (Aurora Basin North), we reconstruct 700 years of SMB changes that agree well with changes estimated from ice core density and upstream surface topography. For the under-sampled transition zones between dome summits and the coast, we show that this proxy can provide past and present SMB values that reflect the immediate local environment and are derived independently from existing techniques.
Keywords: Cryospheric science Environmental chemistry Palaeoclimate
Programme: 1177
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. (2022). Vegetation type is an important predictor of the arctic summer land surface energy budget (Vol. 13).
Keywords: Atmospheric dynamics Climate and Earth system modelling Cryospheric science Ecosystem ecology Phenology
Programme: 1042
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. (2023). Global assessment of marine plastic exposure risk for oceanic birds. (Vol. 14).
Abstract: Plastic pollution is distributed patchily around the world's oceans. Likewise, marine organisms that are vulnerable to plastic ingestion or entanglement have uneven distributions. Understanding where wildlife encounters plastic is crucial for targeting research and mitigation. Oceanic seabirds, particularly petrels, frequently ingest plastic, are highly threatened, and cover vast distances during foraging and migration. However, the spatial overlap between petrels and plastics is poorly understood. Here we combine marine plastic density estimates with individual movement data for 7137 birds of 77 petrel species to estimate relative exposure risk. We identify high exposure risk areas in the Mediterranean and Black seas, and the northeast Pacific, northwest Pacific, South Atlantic and southwest Indian oceans. Plastic exposure risk varies greatly among species and populations, and between breeding and non-breeding seasons. Exposure risk is disproportionately high for Threatened species. Outside the Mediterranean and Black seas, exposure risk is highest in the high seas and Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs) of the USA, Japan, and the UK. Birds generally had higher plastic exposure risk outside the EEZ of the country where they breed. We identify conservation and research priorities, and highlight that international collaboration is key to addressing the impacts of marine plastic on wide-ranging species.
Programme: 388
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F. Caza, S. Betoulle, M. Auffret, P. Brousseau, M. Fournier, Y. St-Pierre. (2017). Comparative sequence analysis of Hsp70 gene from Mytilus edulis desolationis and Aulacomya ater of the Kerguelen Islands (Vol. 6).
Abstract: Not available
Keywords: Aulacomya ater Hsp70 Kerguelen. mussels Mytilus desolationis
Programme: 409
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F. Caza, S. Betoulle, M. Auffret, P. Brousseau, M. Fournier, Y. St-Pierre. (2016). Comparative sequence analysis of Hsp70 gene from Mytilus edulis desolationis and Aulacomya ater of the Kerguelen Islands.
Keywords: Aulacomya ater Hsp70 Kerguelen. mussels Mytilus desolationis
Programme: 409
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. (2022). Coordinated and Interoperable Seismological Data and Product Services in Europe: the EPOS Thematic Core Service for Seismology (Vol. 65).
Abstract: In this article we describe EPOS Seismology, the Thematic Core Service consortium for the seismology domain within the European Plate Observing System infrastructure. EPOS Seismology was developed alongside the build-up of EPOS during the last decade, in close collaboration between the existing pan-European seismological initiatives ORFEUS (Observatories and Research Facilities for European Seismology), EMSC (Euro-Mediterranean Seismological Center) and EFEHR (European Facilities for Earthquake Hazard and Risk) and their respective communities. It provides on one hand a governance framework that allows a well-coordinated interaction of the seismological community services with EPOS and its bodies, and on the other hand it strengthens the coordination among the already existing seismological initiatives with regard to data, products and service provisioning and further development. Within the EPOS Delivery Framework, ORFEUS, EMSC and EFEHR provide a wide range of services that allow open access to a vast amount of seismological data and products, following and implementing the FAIR principles and supporting open science. Services include access to raw seismic waveforms of thousands of stations together with relevant station and data quality information, parametric earthquake information of recent and historical earthquakes together with advanced event-specific products like moment tensors or source models and further ancillary services, and comprehensive seismic hazard and risk information, covering latest European scale models and their underlying data. The services continue to be available on the well-established domain-specific platforms and websites, and are also consecutively integrated with the interoperable central EPOS data infrastructure. EPOS Seismology and its participating organizations provide a consistent framework for the future development of these services and their operation as EPOS services, closely coordinated also with other international seismological initiatives, and is well set to represent the European seismological research infrastructures and their stakeholders within EPOS.
Programme: 133
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Mieke Sterken, Elie Verleyen, Vivienne J. Jones, Dominic A. Hodgson, Wim Vyverman, Koen Sabbe, Bart Van de Vijver. (2015). An illustrated and annotated checklist of freshwater diatoms (Bacillariophyta) from Livingston, Signy and Beak Island (Maritime Antarctic Region) (Vol. 148).
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