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. (2012). ISRN Meteorology, 2012, 1–12.
Abstract: A small-size meteorological mast, BEAR (Budget of Energy for Arctic regions) has been developed as a part of a new autonomous buoy for monitoring the sea ice mass balance. BEAR complements observations of the thickness and thermodynamic properties of the ice/snow pack determined by the so-called Ice-T (Ice-Thickness) buoy, giving access to bulk fluxes and energy budget at the surface, using meteorological measurements. The BEAR mast has been tested with success during ten days in April-May 2010 at Ny Alesund, in the Svalbard archipelago (Norway) showing that meteorological data were close to measurements at the same level of the Italian Climate Change Tower (CCT) from the ISAC-CNR. A discussion is undertaken on bulk fluxes determination and uncertainties. Particularly, the strategy to systematically use different relevant fluxes parameterizations is pointed out to explore flux range uncertainty before to analyze energy budget. Net radiation, bulk fluxes and energy budget are estimated using as average 10 minutes, 24 hours and the ten days of the experiment. The observation period was very short, but we observe a spring transition when the net radiation begins to warm the surface while the very small turbulent heat flux cools the surface.
Programme: 1015
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. (2018). (Vol. 87).
Keywords: Antarctica austral polar regions biodiversity biogeography Bryophyta Kerguelen Biogeographical Province Southern Ocean
Programme: 136
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K. Breili, R. Hougen, D. I. Lysaker, O. C. D. Omang, B. Tangen. (2017). (Vol. 7).
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. (2013). The Dynamic Arctic Snow Pack: An Unexplored Environment for Microbial Diversity and Activity
. biology, 2(1), 317–330.
Abstract: The Arctic environment is undergoing changes due to climate shifts, receiving contaminants from distant sources and experiencing increased human activity. Climate change may alter microbial functioning by increasing growth rates and substrate use due to increased temperature. This may lead to changes of process rates and shifts in the structure of microbial communities. Biodiversity may increase as the Arctic warms and population shifts occur as psychrophilic/psychrotolerant species disappear in favor of more mesophylic ones. In order to predict how ecological processes will evolve as a function of global change, it is essential to identify which populations participate in each process, how they vary physiologically, and how the relative abundance, activity and community structure will change under altered environmental conditions. This review covers aspects of the importance and implication of snowpack in microbial ecology emphasizing the diversity and activity of these critical members of cold zone ecosystems.
Keywords: biogeochemical cycling, microbial ecology, snow, Arctic,
Programme: 399
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. (2023). Climate Change Helps Polar Invasives Establish and Flourish: Evidence from Long-Term Monitoring of the Blowfly Calliphora vicina (Vol. 12).
Abstract: The isolated sub-Antarctic islands are of major ecological interest because of their unique species diversity and long history of limited human disturbance. However, since the presence of Europeans, these islands and their sensitive biota have been under increasing pressure due to human activity and associated biological invasions. In such delicate ecosystems, biological invasions are an exceptional threat that may be further amplified by climate change. We examined the invasion trajectory of the blowfly Calliphora vicina (Robineau-Desvoidy 1830). First introduced in the sub-Antarctic Kerguelen Islands in the 1970s, it is thought to have persisted only in sheltered microclimates for several decades. Here, we show that, in recent decades, C. vicina has been able to establish itself more widely. We combine experimental thermal developmental data with long-term ecological and meteorological monitoring to address whether warming conditions help explain its current success and dynamics in the eastern Kerguelen Islands. We found that warming temperatures and accumulated degree days could explain the species' phenological and long-term invasion dynamics, indicating that climate change has likely assisted its establishment. This study represents a unique long-term view of a polar invader and stresses the rapidly increasing susceptibility of cold regions to invasion under climate change.
Programme: 136
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J. Chappellaz, O. Alemany, D. Romanini, E. Kerstel. (2012). 2076-6734, 120(4), 57–64.
Abstract: Among the priorities of the International Partnerships in Ice Core Sciences (IPICS) core project of Past Global Changes (IGBP/PAGES), drilling ice as old as 1.5 million years is probably the most emblematic challenge. The search for a potential site in Antarctica hosting such old ice in good stratigraphic order is under way. Here we propose an innovative way to rapidly qualify potential sites. We plan to build a probe able to drill down to bedrock within one fi eld season. The probe will embed a laser optical instrument measuring in real time key parameters such as the water isotopic composition of the ice and the concentration of one or more greenhouse gases.
Programme: 1119
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Chengbin Peng, Carlos M. Duarte, Daniel P. Costa, Christophe Guinet, Robert G. Harcourt, Mark A. Hindell, Clive R. McMahon, Monica Muelbert, Michele Thums, Ka-Chun Wong, Xiangliang Zhang. (2019). Deep Learning Resolves Representative Movement Patterns in a Marine Predator Species (Vol. 9).
Abstract: The analysis of animal movement from telemetry data provides insights into how and why animals move. While traditional approaches to such analysis mostly focus on predicting animal states during movement, we describe an approach that allows us to identify representative movement patterns of different animal groups. To do this, we propose a carefully designed recurrent neural network and combine it with telemetry data for automatic feature extraction and identification of non-predefined representative patterns. In the experiment, we consider a particular marine predator species, the southern elephant seal, as an example. With our approach, we identify that the male seals in our data set share similar movement patterns when they are close to land. We identify this pattern recurring in a number of distant locations, consistent with alternative approaches from previous research.
Keywords: marine animal movement analysis recurrent neural networks representative patterns
Programme: 1201
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. (2021). Contrasting Manual and Automated Assessment of Thermal Stress Responses and Larval Body Size in Black Soldier Flies and Houseflies (Vol. 12).
Abstract: Within ecophysiological and genetic studies on insects, morphological and physiological traits are commonly assessed and phenotypes are typically obtained from manual measurements on numerous individuals. Manual observations are, however, time consuming, can introduce observer bias and are prone to human error. Here, we contrast results obtained from manual assessment of larval size and thermal tolerance traits in black soldier flies (Hermetia illucens) and houseflies (Musca domestica) that have been acclimated under three different temperature regimes with those obtained automatically using an image analysis software (Noldus EthoVision XT). We found that (i) larval size estimates of both species, obtained by manual weighing or by using the software, were highly correlated, (ii) measures of heat and cold tolerance using manual and automated approaches provided qualitatively similar results, and (iii) by using the software we obtained quantifiable information on stress responses and acclimation effects of potentially higher ecological relevance than the endpoint traits that are typically assessed when manual assessments are used. Based on these findings, we argue that automated assessment of insect stress responses and largescale phenotyping of morphological traits such as size will provide new opportunities within many disciplines where accurate and largescale phenotyping of insects is required.
Keywords: Hermetia illucens Musca domestica acclimation automated phenotyping heat and cold tolerance
Programme: 136
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Diane Espel, Camille Coux, Luis R. Pertierra, Pauline Eymar-Dauphin, Jonas J. Lembrechts, David Renault. (2023). Functional Niche Partitioning Occurs over Body Size but Not Nutrient Reserves nor Melanism in a Polar Carabid Beetle along an Altitudinal Gradient (Vol. 14).
Abstract: Phenotypic plasticity can favor the emergence of different morphotypes specialized in specific ranges of environmental conditions. The existence of intraspecific partitioning confers resilience at the species scale and can ultimately determine species survival in a context of global changes. Amblystogenium pacificum is a carabid beetle endemic to the sub-Antarctic Crozet Islands, and it has two distinctive morphotypes based on body coloration. For this study, A. pacificum specimens of functional niches were sampled along an altitudinal gradient (as a proxy for temperature), and some morphological and biochemical traits were measured. We used an FAMD multivariate analysis and linear mixed-effects models to test whether these traits were related to morphotype, altitude, and sexual dimorphism. We then calculated and compared the functional niches at different altitudes and tested for niche partitioning through a hypervolume approach. We found a positive hump-shaped correlation between altitude and body size as well as higher protein and sugar reserves in females than in males. Our functional hypervolume results suggest that the main driver of niche partitioning along the altitudinal gradient is body size rather than morphotype or sex, even though darker morphotypes tended to be more functionally constrained at higher altitudes and females showed limited trait variations at the highest altitude.
Keywords: Amblystogenium pacificum Carabidae dimorphism French sub-Antarctic islands functional diversity melanism thermal tolerance
Programme: 136
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Philippe Ricaud, Paolo Grigioni, Romain Roehrig, Pierre Durand, Dana E. Veron. (2020). Trends in Atmospheric Humidity and Temperature above Dome C, Antarctica Evaluated from Observations and Reanalyses (Vol. 11). Bachelor's thesis, , .
Keywords: meteorological reanalyses microwave radiometer precipitable water radiosondes SAM index temperature trends
Programme: 910
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