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	Author	Laureline L. Chaise, William Paterson, Timothy G. Laske, Susan L. Gallon, Dominic J. McCafferty, Marc Théry, André Ancel, Caroline Gilbert
	Title	Implantation of subcutaneous heart rate data loggers in southern elephant seals (Mirounga leonina)			Type	Journal
	Year	2017	Publication	Polar Biology	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	40	Issue	11	Pages	2307-2312
	Keywords	Marine mammals Pinnipeds Surgery
	Abstract	Unlike most phocid species (Phocidae), Mirounga leonina (southern elephant seals) experience a catastrophic moult where they not only replace their hair but also their epidermis when ashore for approximately 1 month. Few studies have investigated behavioural and physiological adaptations of southern elephant seals during the moult fast, a particularly energetically costly life cycle’s phase. Recording heart rate is a reliable technique for estimating energy expenditure in the field. For the first time, subcutaneous heart rate data loggers were successfully implanted during the moult in two free-ranging southern elephant seals over 3–6 days. No substantial postoperative complications were encountered and consistent heart rate data were obtained. This promising surgical technique opens new opportunities for monitoring heart rate in phocid seals.
	Programme	1201
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	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1432-2056	ISBN	1432-2056	Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	yes
	Call Number				Serial	7317
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	Author	Kaarle J. Parikka, Stéphan Jacquet, Jonathan Colombet, Damien Guillaume, Marc Le Romancer
	Title	Abundance and observations of thermophilic microbial and viral communities in submarine and terrestrial hot fluid systems of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands			Type	Journal
	Year	2018	Publication	Polar Biology	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	41	Issue	7	Pages	1335-1352
	Keywords	Abundance Epifluorescence microscopy Flow cytometry Hot spring Thermophilic Virus-like particle
	Abstract	Studies investigating viral ecology have mainly been conducted in temperate marine and freshwater habitats. Fewer reports are available on the often less accessible “extreme environments” such as hot springs. This study investigated prokaryotic- and virus-like particles (VLP) associated to hot springs, themselves situated in cold environments of the Southern Hemisphere (i.e. in the French Southern and Antarctic Lands). This was performed by examining their abundance in hot springs and surrounding temperate seawater using both epifluorescence microscopy (EFM) and flow cytometry (FCM), which was applied for the first time to such ecosystems. On one hand, prokaryotic abundances of 4.0 × 105–2.2 × 106 cell mL−1 and 7.0 × 104–2.8 × 106 cell mL−1 were measured using EFM and FCM, respectively. The abundances of virus-like particles (VLP), on the other hand, ranged between 9.8 × 105 and 7.5 × 106 particles mL−1 when using EFM, and between 1.3 × 105 and 6.2 × 106 particles mL−1 when FCM was applied. A positive correlation was found between VLP and prokaryotic abundances, while the virus-to-prokaryote ratio was generally low and ranged between 0.1 and 6. In parallel, samples and culture supernatants were also visualised using transmission electron microscopy. For this, enrichment cultures were prepared using environmental samples. Both raw sample and enrichment culture—supernatants were analysed for the presence of VLPs. Observations revealed the presence of Caudovirales, membrane vesicles and possibly a new type of virion morphology, associated to members of the order Thermotogales, a thermophilic and anaerobic bacterium.
	Programme	1077
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	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1432-2056	ISBN	1432-2056	Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	yes
	Call Number				Serial	7371
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	Author	A. Jaffal, S. Paris-Palacios, S. Jolly, A. F. Thailly, L. Delahaut, E. Beall, H. Roche, S. Biagianti-Risbourg, S. Betoulle
	Title	Cadmium and copper contents in a freshwater fish species (brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis) from the subantarctic Kerguelen Islands			Type	Journal
	Year	2011	Publication	Polar biology	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	34	Issue	3	Pages	397-409
	Keywords	Brook trout Cadmium Copper Freshwater salmonids Southern Ocean Subantarctic
	Abstract	The subantarctic Kerguelen Islands (49°S, 70°E) contain freshwaters among the most isolated in the world from direct human activities. Cadmium and copper concentrations were analyzed in muscle and liver tissues of 57 non-migratory brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) inhabiting the Sud River of Kerguelen Islands. The mean cadmium concentration in liver was 1.13 μg/g dry wt, within the range of levels measured in liver of marine fish from the Southern Ocean. Muscular Cd levels (0.12 μg/g dry wt) were roughly ten times higher than those measured in Kerguelen’s marine fish species. Copper levels were very high in the two organs (62.27 μg/g dry wt in liver and 3.02 μg/g dry wt in muscle) compared to those detected in fish from the Southern Ocean. Regarding the seasonal trend, the highest Cu and Cd muscular levels were measured in fish at the end of the austral winter, whereas the highest hepatic levels were observed at the end of the austral summer. Moreover, hepatic cadmium levels were higher in females than in males. These results could be related to brook trout spawning physiological preparations and foraging behavior during the summer period. We provide here the first results about Cu and Cd levels in liver and muscle of a freshwater fish species in an insular subantarctic context. They are in agreement with the high cadmium contamination found in fish of the Southern Ocean.
	Programme	409
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	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1432-2056	ISBN	1432-2056	Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	yes
	Call Number				Serial	7444
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	Author	Manon Devaud, Marc Lebouvier
	Title	First record of Pantala flavescens (Anisoptera: Libellulidae) from the remote Amsterdam Island, southern Indian Ocean			Type	Journal
	Year	2019	Publication	Polar Biology	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	42	Issue	5	Pages	1041-1046
	Keywords	Alien species Lepidoptera Long-distance dispersal Odonata Sub-Antarctic island
	Abstract	Natural colonization of macroinvertebrates into the Sub-Antarctic area is generally accepted to be a rare event. In February 2017, two live adults of Pantala flavescens (Libellulidae) were recorded on the isolated Amsterdam Island (37°50′ S, 77°30′ E), southern Indian Ocean. This circumtropical species, common name the Globe Skimmer, can fly several thousand kilometers. This paper analyzes the weather conditions in this sector of the Indian Ocean in February 2017 to assess the probability of arrival of the dragonflies by air from their known migration route at lower latitudes between India and East Africa. The probability that this species could establish and form a permanent population on Amsterdam Island is discussed. Some favorable habitats are present but temperatures are probably too low to allow the dragonflies to complete their development. Odonata have never been observed on Sub-Antarctic islands and reports of natural arrival of insects into these islands mainly concern Lepidoptera. Here we also report observations of Vanessa cardui (Nymphalidae) which has established a permanent population on Amsterdam Island and has been observed on several occasions in the Crozet Archipelago.
	Programme	136
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	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1432-2056	ISBN	1432-2056	Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	yes
	Call Number				Serial	7475
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	Author	Fabrice Genevois, Christophe Barbraud
	Title	An observation of a gentoo penguin Pygoscelis papua feeding an Adélie penguin P. adeliae chick			Type	Journal
	Year	2021	Publication	Polar Biology	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	44	Issue	1	Pages	217-219
	Keywords	Antarctic Interspecific feeding Penguin
	Abstract	Interspecific feeding refers to behavior where an adult of one species feeds the young of another species, with the exclusion of brood parasitism. In birds, most of observed cases concern passerines and this behavior has so far never been described among seabirds. We report on interspecific feeding provided by an adult gentoo penguin Pygoscelis papua to an Adélie penguin P. adeliae chick on the Antarctic Peninsula.
	Programme	109
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	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1432-2056	ISBN	1432-2056	Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	yes
	Call Number				Serial	8324
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	Author	Paul Tixier, Christophe Barbraud, Deborah Pardo, Nicolas Gasco, Guy Duhamel, Christophe Guinet
	Title	Demographic consequences of fisheries interaction within a killer whale (Orcinus orca) population			Type	Journal
	Year	2017	Publication	Marine Biology	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	164	Issue	8	Pages	170
	Keywords
	Abstract	Individual heterogeneity in foraging behavior has been widely documented within predator populations. In highly social apex predators such as killer whales (Orcinus orca), specialization may occur at the matriline level. A small population of killer whales has been documented to occur around the Crozet Islands. These whales feed on a wide range of prey items including seals, penguins and large whales, as well as depredate the local Patagonian toothfish (Dissostichus eleginoides) longline fishery. The level of interactions with fisheries varies greatly between matrilines. Here, we present the results on the effects of such behavioral heterogeneity on the demographic trends of this killer whale population. We used photo-identification data from 1977 to 2011 in a mark–recapture framework to test the effect of varying levels of fisheries interactions on adult survival. We documented significant differences in survival between depredating and non-depredating whales, resulting in divergent intra-population demographic trends. These differences showed low survival, and thus a negative effect, for depredating whales when illegal fishing occurred (poachers used lethal methods to deter killer whales from depredating longlines). After illegal fishing stopped (2003–2011), the survival rates of depredating individuals exceeded the survival rates of non-depredating individuals, suggesting a positive influence of “artificial food provisioning”. This effect was further supported by a higher population growth rate for depredating whales. This study highlights the potential demographic costs and benefits that cetaceans face from depredating fisheries and addresses the demographic consequences of both intra-population feeding specialization and the influence of anthropogenic changes in resource availability.
	Programme	109
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	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1432-1793	ISBN	1432-1793	Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	yes
	Call Number				Serial	7182
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	Author	Loïc Teulier, Benjamin Rey, Jérémy Tornos, Marion Le Coadic, Pierre-Axel Monternier, Aurore Bourguignon, Virginie Dolmazon, Caroline Romestaing, Jean-Louis Rouanet, Claude Duchamp, Damien Roussel
	Title	Lipid-induced thermogenesis is up-regulated by the first cold-water immersions in juvenile penguins			Type	Journal
	Year	2016	Publication	Journal of Comparative Physiology B	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	186	Issue	5	Pages	639-650
	Keywords	Energy substrates Metabolism Mitochondria Oxidative phosphorylation efficiency Skeletal muscle
	Abstract	The passage from shore to marine life is a critical step in the development of juvenile penguins and is characterized by a fuel selection towards lipid oxidation concomitant to an enhancement of lipid-induced thermogenesis. However, mechanisms of such thermogenic improvement at fledging remain undefined. We used two different groups of pre-fledging king penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus) to investigate the specific contribution of cold exposure during water immersion to lipid metabolism. Terrestrial penguins that had never been immersed in cold water were compared with experimentally cold-water immersed juveniles. Experimentally immersed penguins underwent ten successive immersions at approximately 9–10 °C for 5 h over 3 weeks. We evaluated adaptive thermogenesis by measuring body temperature, metabolic rate and shivering activity in fully immersed penguins exposed to water temperatures ranging from 12 to 29 °C. Both never-immersed and experimentally immersed penguins were able to maintain their homeothermy in cold water, exhibiting similar thermogenic activity. In vivo, perfusion of lipid emulsion at thermoneutrality induced a twofold larger calorigenic response in experimentally immersed than in never-immersed birds. In vitro, the respiratory rates and the oxidative phosphorylation efficiency of isolated muscle mitochondria were not improved with cold-water immersions. The present study shows that acclimation to cold water only partially reproduced the fuel selection towards lipid oxidation that characterizes penguin acclimatization to marine life.
	Programme	131
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	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1432-136X	ISBN	1432-136X	Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	yes
	Call Number				Serial	7220
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	Author	Gemma V. Clucas, Jane L. Younger, Damian Kao, Louise Emmerson, Colin Southwell, Barbara Wienecke, Alex D. Rogers, Charles-André Bost, Gary D. Miller, Michael J. Polito, Patrick Lelliott, Jonathan Handley, Sarah Crofts, Richard A. Phillips, Michael J. Dunn, Karen J. Miller, Tom Hart
	Title	Comparative population genomics reveals key barriers to dispersal in Southern Ocean penguins			Type	Journal
	Year	2018	Publication	Molecular Ecology	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	27	Issue	23	Pages	4680-4697
	Keywords	Aptenodytes genetic differentiation Polar Front population genomics Pygoscelis RAD-Seq
	Abstract	The mechanisms that determine patterns of species dispersal are important factors in the production and maintenance of biodiversity. Understanding these mechanisms helps to forecast the responses of species to environmental change. Here, we used a comparative framework and genomewide data obtained through RAD-Seq to compare the patterns of connectivity among breeding colonies for five penguin species with shared ancestry, overlapping distributions and differing ecological niches, allowing an examination of the intrinsic and extrinsic barriers governing dispersal patterns. Our findings show that at-sea range and oceanography underlie patterns of dispersal in these penguins. The pelagic niche of emperor (Aptenodytes forsteri), king (A. patagonicus), Adélie (Pygoscelis adeliae) and chinstrap (P. antarctica) penguins facilitates gene flow over thousands of kilometres. In contrast, the coastal niche of gentoo penguins (P. papua) limits dispersal, resulting in population divergences. Oceanographic fronts also act as dispersal barriers to some extent. We recommend that forecasts of extinction risk incorporate dispersal and that management units are defined by at-sea range and oceanography in species lacking genetic data.
	Programme	394
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	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1365-294X	ISBN	1365-294X	Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	yes
	Call Number				Serial	7193
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	Author	Andrew D. Foote, Michael D. Martin, Marie Louis, George Pacheco, Kelly M. Robertson, Mikkel-Holger S. Sinding, Ana R. Amaral, Robin W. Baird, Charles Scott Baker, Lisa Ballance, Jay Barlow, Andrew Brownlow, Tim Collins, Rochelle Constantine, Willy Dabin, Luciano Dalla Rosa, Nicholas J. Davison, John W. Durban, Ruth Esteban, Steven H. Ferguson, Tim Gerrodette, Christophe Guinet, M. Bradley Hanson, Wayne Hoggard, Cory J. D. Matthews, Filipa I. P. Samarra, Renaud de Stephanis, Sara B. Tavares, Paul Tixier, John A. Totterdell, Paul Wade, Laurent Excoffier, M. Thomas P. Gilbert, Jochen B. W. Wolf, Phillip A. Morin
	Title	Killer whale genomes reveal a complex history of recurrent admixture and vicariance			Type	Journal
	Year	2019	Publication	Molecular Ecology	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	28	Issue	14	Pages	3427-3444
	Keywords	admixture drift genomics population structure secondary contact
	Abstract	Reconstruction of the demographic and evolutionary history of populations assuming a consensus tree-like relationship can mask more complex scenarios, which are prevalent in nature. An emerging genomic toolset, which has been most comprehensively harnessed in the reconstruction of human evolutionary history, enables molecular ecologists to elucidate complex population histories. Killer whales have limited extrinsic barriers to dispersal and have radiated globally, and are therefore a good candidate model for the application of such tools. Here, we analyse a global data set of killer whale genomes in a rare attempt to elucidate global population structure in a nonhuman species. We identify a pattern of genetic homogenisation at lower latitudes and the greatest differentiation at high latitudes, even between currently sympatric lineages. The processes underlying the major axis of structure include high drift at the edge of species' range, likely associated with founder effects and allelic surfing during postglacial range expansion. Divergence between Antarctic and non-Antarctic lineages is further driven by ancestry segments with up to four-fold older coalescence time than the genome-wide average; relicts of a previous vicariance during an earlier glacial cycle. Our study further underpins that episodic gene flow is ubiquitous in natural populations, and can occur across great distances and after substantial periods of isolation between populations. Thus, understanding the evolutionary history of a species requires comprehensive geographic sampling and genome-wide data to sample the variation in ancestry within individuals.
	Programme	109
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	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1365-294X	ISBN	1365-294X	Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	yes
	Call Number				Serial	7525
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	Author	Sarah Leclaire, Maria Strandh, Gaia Dell’Ariccia, Marianne Gabirot, Helena Westerdahl, Francesco Bonadonna
	Title	Plumage microbiota covaries with the major histocompatibility complex in blue petrels			Type	Journal
	Year	2019	Publication	Molecular Ecology	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	28	Issue	4	Pages	833-846
	Keywords	bacteria feathers MHC microbiome seabirds uropygial gland
	Abstract	To increase fitness, a wide range of vertebrates preferentially mate with partners that are dissimilar at the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) or that have high MHC diversity. Although MHC often can be assessed through olfactory cues, the mechanism by which MHC genes influence odour remains largely unclear. MHC class IIB molecules, which enable recognition and elimination of extracellular bacteria, have been suggested to influence odour indirectly by shaping odour-producing microbiota, i.e. bacterial communities. However, there is little evidence of the predicted covariation between an animal's MHC genotype and its bacterial communities in scent-producing body surfaces. Here, using high-throughput sequencing, we tested the covariation between MHC class IIB genotypes and feather microbiota in the blue petrel (Halobaena caerulea), a seabird with highly developed olfaction that has been suggested to rely on oduor cues during an MHC-based mate choice. First, we show that individuals with similar MHC class IIB profiles also have similar bacterial assemblages in their feathers. Then, we show that individuals with high MHC diversity have less diverse feather microbiota and also a reduced abundance of a bacterium of the genus Arsenophonus, a genus in which some species are symbionts of avian ectoparasites. Our results, showing that feather microbiota covary with MHC, are consistent with the hypothesis that individual MHC genotype may shape the semiochemical-producing microbiota in birds.
	Programme	354
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	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1365-294X	ISBN	1365-294X	Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	yes
	Call Number				Serial	7503
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