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Viviant Morgane, Jeanniard‐du‐Dot Tiphaine, Monestiez Pascal, Authier Matthieu, Guinet Christophe, Costa Daniel |
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Title |
Bottom time does not always predict prey encounter rate in Antarctic fur seals |
Type |
Journal |
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Year |
2016 |
Publication |
Functional Ecology |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
30 |
Issue |
11 |
Pages |
1834-1844 |
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Keywords |
aerobic diving limit Antarctic fur seals diving behaviour foraging depth foraging strategies |
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Abstract |
Summary Optimal foraging models applied to breath?holding divers predict that diving predators should optimize the time spent foraging at the bottom of dives depending on prey encounter rate, distance to prey patch (depth) and physiological constraints. We tested this hypothesis on a free?ranging diving marine predator, the Antarctic fur seal Arctocephalus gazella, equipped with accelerometers or Hall sensors (n = 11) that recorded mouth?opening events, a proxy for prey capture attempts and thus feeding events. Over the 5896 dives analysed (>15 m depth), the mean number of mouth?opening events per dive was 1·21 ± 1·69 (mean ± SD). Overall, 82% of mouth?openings occurred at the bottom of dives. As predicted, fur seals increased their inferred foraging time at the bottom of dives with increasing patch distance (depth), irrespective of the number of mouth?openings. For dives shallower than 55 m, the mean bottom duration of dives without mouth?openings was shorter than for dives with mouth?opening events. However, this difference was only due to the occurrence of V?shaped dives with short bottom durations (0 or 1 s). When removing those V?shaped dives, bottom duration was not related to the presence of mouth?openings anymore. Thus, the decision to abandon foraging is likely related to other information about prey availability than prey capture attempts (i.e. sensory cues) that seals collect during the descent phase. We did not observe V?shaped dives for dives deeper than 55 m, threshold beyond which the mean dive duration exceeded the apparent aerobic dive limit. For dives deeper than 55 m, seals kept on foraging at bottom irrespective of the number of mouth?openings performed. Most dives occurred at shallower depths (30?55 m) than the 60 m depth of highest foraging efficiency (i.e. of greatest number of mouth?opening events per dive). This is likely related to physiological constraints during deeper dives. We suggest that foraging decisions are more complex than predicted by current theory and highlight the importance of the information collected by the predator during the descent as well as its physiological constraints. Ultimately, this will help establishing reliable predictive foraging models for marine predators based on diving patterns only. A lay summary is available for this article. |
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0269-8463 |
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0269-8463 |
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yes |
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6630 |
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Fay Rémi, Barbraud Christophe, Delord Karine, Weimerskirch Henri, Costa Daniel |
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Title |
Contrasting effects of climate and population density over time and life stages in a long‐lived seabird |
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Journal |
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Year |
2017 |
Publication |
Functional Ecology |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
31 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
1275-1284 |
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109 |
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0269-8463 |
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0269-8463 |
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6639 |
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Jeanniard‐du‐Dot Tiphaine, Guinet Christophe, Arnould John P.Y., Speakman John R., Trites Andrew W., Goldbogen Jeremy |
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Title |
Accelerometers can measure total and activity‐specific energy expenditures in free‐ranging marine mammals only if linked to time‐activity budgets |
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Journal |
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Year |
2017 |
Publication |
Functional Ecology |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
31 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
377-386 |
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Keywords |
acceleration Antarctic fur seal energy expenditure foraging metabolic rate northern fur seal time‐activity budget VeDBA |
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Abstract |
Summary Energy expenditure is an important component of foraging ecology, but is extremely difficult to estimate in free?ranging animals and depends on how animals partition their time between different activities during foraging. Acceleration data have emerged as a new way to determine energy expenditure at a fine scale but this needs to be tested and validated in wild animals. This study investigated whether vectorial dynamic body acceleration (VeDBA) could accurately predict the energy expended by marine predators during a full foraging trip. We also aimed to determine whether the accuracy of predictions of energy expenditure derived from acceleration increased when partitioned by different types of at?sea activities (i.e. diving, transiting, resting and surface activities). To do so, we equipped 20 lactating northern (Callorhinus ursinus) and 20 lactating Antarctic fur seals (Arctocephalus gazella) with GPS, time?depth recorders and tri?axial accelerometers and obtained estimates of field metabolic rates using the doubly labelled water (DLW) method. VeDBA was derived from tri?axial acceleration, and at?sea activities (diving, transiting, resting and surface activities) were determined using dive depth, tri?axial acceleration and travelling speed. We found that VeDBA did not accurately predict the total energy expended by fur seals during their full foraging trips (R2 = 0·36). However, the accuracy of VeDBA as a predictor of total energy expenditure increased significantly when foraging trips were partitioned by activity and when activity?specific VeDBA was paired with time?activity budgets (R2 = 0·70). Activity?specific VeDBA also accurately predicted the energy expenditures of each activity independent of each other (R2 > 0·85). Our study confirms that acceleration is a promising way to estimate energy expenditures of free?ranging marine mammals at a fine scale never attained before. However, it shows that it needs to be based on the time?activity budgets that make up foraging trips rather than being derived as a single measure of VeDBA applied to entire foraging trips. Our activity?based method provides a cost?effective means to accurately calculate energy expenditures of fur seals using acceleration and time?activity budgets, that can be transfered to studies on other species. |
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0269-8463 |
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0269-8463 |
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yes |
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Serial |
6641 |
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Author |
Merkling Thomas, Blanchard Pierrick, Chastel Olivier, Glauser Gaëtan, Vallat‐Michel Armelle, Hatch Scott A., Danchin Etienne, Helfenstein Fabrice, Isaksson Caroline |
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Title |
Reproductive effort and oxidative stress: effects of offspring sex and number on the physiological state of a long‐lived bird |
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Journal |
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Year |
2017 |
Publication |
Functional Ecology |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
31 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
1201-1209 |
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Keywords |
black‐legged kittiwake cost of reproduction hypothesis malondialdehydes oxidative cost of reproduction parental care Rissa tridactyla: superoxide dismutase sex allocation |
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Abstract |
Summary Individuals must trade?off between energetically costly activities to maximize their fitness. However, the underlying physiological mechanism remains elusive. Oxidative stress, the imbalance between reactive oxygen species production and antioxidant and/or repair activities, has been suggested to underlie life?history trade?offs: greater investment in reproduction supposedly generating higher oxidative damage, thus reducing life span. While most studies used natural or experimental variation in offspring number to examine how reproduction affects oxidative stress, none studied the impact of offspring sex, although it could influence physiological costs and fitness, if the sexes differ in terms of energetic cost. Here, we aim at further understanding how reproduction (in terms of offspring sex, experimentally manipulated and number, not manipulated) influences oxidative stress in a wild seabird, where sons are energetically costlier than daughters. We did so by conducting a chick fostering experiment (to disentangle foster and produced sex ratio) and using four oxidative stress markers plus baseline corticosterone. First, the results suggest that individual physiological state before laying modulates upcoming reproductive effort. Individuals with higher pre?laying baseline corticosterone and lower antioxidant activity, estimated by their superoxide dismutase activity, subsequently invested more in reproduction, estimated by the cumulative number of days spent rearing chicks. Hence, it seems that only individuals that could afford to invest heavily in reproduction did so. Then, we examined the effects of reproductive effort on individual physiological state at the end of the breeding season. Higher reproductive effort seemed to imply higher physiological costs. Oxidative stress, estimated by the ratio of oxidized over reduced glutathione, increased with more male?biased foster sex ratio among mothers but not among fathers, whereas baseline corticosterone did so in both sexes. Similarly, lipid oxidative damage to red blood cells increased with increasing cumulative number of days spent rearing chicks. Our study provides the first evidence that brood sex ratio variation can affect oxidative balance, potentially in a sex?specific way, although more studies are needed to understand whether the observed physiological costs could lead to fitness costs. It also highlights the need to consider sex ratio in future studies investigating the role of oxidative stress in life?history trade?offs. A lay summary is available for this article. |
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1162 |
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0269-8463 |
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0269-8463 |
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yes |
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6679 |
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Author |
Garnier Romain, Ramos Raül, Sanz‐Aguilar Ana, Poisbleau Maud, Weimerskirch Henri, Burthe Sarah, Tornos Jeremy, Boulinier Thierry, Fox Charles |
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Title |
Interpreting ELISA analyses from wild animal samples: Some recurrent issues and solutions |
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Book Chapter |
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Year |
2017 |
Publication |
Functional Ecology |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
31 |
Issue |
12 |
Pages |
2255-2262 |
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Programme |
333,1151 |
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Bachelor's thesis |
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0269-8463 |
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0269-8463 |
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yes |
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Serial |
6740 |
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Norith Eckbo, Céline Le Bohec, Victor Planas-Bielsa, Nicholas A. Warner, Quentin Schull, Dorte Herzke, Sandrine Zahn, Ane Haarr, Geir W. Gabrielsen, Katrine Borgå |
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Title |
Individual variability in contaminants and physiological status in a resident Arctic seabird species |
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Journal |
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Year |
2019 |
Publication |
Environmental Pollution |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
249 |
Issue |
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Pages |
191-199 |
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Keywords |
Black guillemot Oxidative stress Polar regions Pollutants Seabirds Telomeres |
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Abstract |
While migratory seabirds dominate ecotoxicological studies within the Arctic, there is limited knowledge about exposure and potential effects from circulating legacy and emerging contaminants in species who reside in the high-Arctic all year round. Here, we focus on the case of the Mandt's Black guillemot (Cepphus grylle mandtii) breeding at Kongsfjorden, Svalbard (79.00°N, 11.66°E) and investigate exposure to legacy and emerging contaminants in relation to individual physiological status, i.e. body condition, oxidative stress and relative telomere length. Despite its benthic-inshore foraging strategy, the Black guillemot displayed overall similar contaminant concentrations in blood during incubation (∑PCB11 (15.7 ng/g w.w.) > ∑PFAS5 (9.9 ng/g w.w.) > ∑Pesticides9 (6.7 ng/g w.w.) > ∑PBDE4 (2.7 ng/g w.w.), and Hg (0.3 μg/g d.w.) compared to an Arctic migratory seabird in which several contaminant-related stress responses have been observed. Black guillemots in poorer condition tended to display higher levels of contaminants, higher levels of reactive oxygen metabolites, lower plasmatic antioxidant capacity, and shorter telomere lengths; however the low sample size restrict any strong conclusions. Nevertheless, our data suggests that nonlinear relationships with a threshold may exist between accumulated contaminant concentrations and physiological status of the birds. These findings were used to build a hypothesis to be applied in future modelling for describing how chronic exposure to contaminants may be linked to telomere dynamics. |
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137 |
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0269-7491 |
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0269-7491 |
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yes |
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6031 |
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Alice Carravieri, Yves Cherel, Maud Brault-Favrou, Carine Churlaud, Laurent Peluhet, Pierre Labadie, Hélène Budzinski, Olivier Chastel, Paco Bustamante |
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Title |
From Antarctica to the subtropics: Contrasted geographical concentrations of selenium, mercury, and persistent organic pollutants in skua chicks (Catharacta spp.) |
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Year |
2017 |
Publication |
Environmental Pollution |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
228 |
Issue |
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Pages |
464-473 |
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Keywords |
Bioaccumulation Blood Chick HCB Southern Ocean Stable isotopes |
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Abstract |
Seabirds integrate bioaccumulative contaminants via food intake and have revealed geographical trends of contamination in a variety of ecosystems. Pre-fledging seabird chicks are particularly interesting as bioindicators of chemical contamination, because concentrations in their tissues reflect primarily dietary sources from the local environment. Here we measured 14 trace elements and 18 persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in blood of chicks of skuas that breed in four sites encompassing a large latitudinal range within the southern Indian Ocean, from Antarctica (Adélie Land, south polar skua Catharacta maccormicki), through subantarctic areas (Crozet and Kerguelen Islands, brown skua C. lonnbergi), to the subtropics (Amsterdam Island, C. lonnbergi). Stables isotopes of carbon (δ13C, feeding habitat) and nitrogen (δ15N, trophic position) were also measured to control for the influence of feeding habits on contaminant burdens. Concentrations of mercury (Hg) and selenium (Se) were very high at all the four sites, with Amsterdam birds having the highest concentrations ever reported in chicks worldwide (4.0 ± 0.8 and 646 ± 123 μg g−1 dry weight, respectively). Blood Hg concentrations showed a clear latitudinal pattern, increasing from chicks in Antarctica to chicks in the subantarctic and subtropical islands. Interestingly, blood Se concentrations showed similar between-population differences to Hg, suggesting its involvement in protective mechanisms against Hg toxicity. Chicks’ POPs pattern was largely dominated by organochlorine pesticides, in particular DDT metabolites and hexachlorobenzene (HCB). Skua chicks from subantarctic islands presented high concentrations and diversity of POPs. By contrast, chicks from the Antarctic site overall had the lowest concentrations and diversity of both metallic and organic contaminants, with the exception of HCB and arsenic. Skua populations from these sites, being naturally exposed to different quantities of contaminants, are potentially good models for testing toxic effects in developing chicks in the wild. |
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109 |
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0269-7491 |
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0269-7491 |
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yes |
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6633 |
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Author |
F. Amélineau, D. Bonnet, O. Heitz, V. Mortreux, A. M. A. Harding, N. Karnovsky, W. Walkusz, J. Fort, D. Grémillet |
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Title |
Microplastic pollution in the Greenland Sea: Background levels and selective contamination of planktivorous diving seabirds |
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Journal |
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Year |
2016 |
Publication |
Environmental Pollution |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
219 |
Issue |
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Pages |
1131-1139 |
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Keywords |
Arctic Little auk Plastic Sea ice Selective uptake Zooplankton |
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Abstract |
Microplastics have been reported everywhere around the globe. With very limited human activities, the Arctic is distant from major sources of microplastics. However, microplastic ingestions have been found in several Arctic marine predators, confirming their presence in this region. Nonetheless, existing information for this area remains scarce, thus there is an urgent need to quantify the contamination of Arctic marine waters. In this context, we studied microplastic abundance and composition within the zooplankton community off East Greenland. For the same area, we concurrently evaluated microplastic contamination of little auks (Alle alle), an Arctic seabird feeding on zooplankton while diving between 0 and 50 m. The study took place off East Greenland in July 2005 and 2014, under strongly contrasted sea-ice conditions. Among all samples, 97.2% of the debris found were filaments. Despite the remoteness of our study area, microplastic abundances were comparable to those of other oceans, with 0.99 ± 0.62 m−3 in the presence of sea-ice (2005), and 2.38 ± 1.11 m−3 in the nearby absence of sea-ice (2014). Microplastic rise between 2005 and 2014 might be linked to an increase in plastic production worldwide or to lower sea-ice extents in 2014, as sea-ice can represent a sink for microplastic particles, which are subsequently released to the water column upon melting. Crucially, all birds had eaten plastic filaments, and they collected high levels of microplastics compared to background levels with 9.99 and 8.99 pieces per chick meal in 2005 and 2014, respectively. Importantly, we also demonstrated that little auks took more often light colored microplastics, rather than darker ones, strongly suggesting an active contamination with birds mistaking microplastics for their natural prey. Overall, our study stresses the great vulnerability of Arctic marine species to microplastic pollution in a warming Arctic, where sea-ice melting is expected to release vast volumes of trapped debris. |
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388 |
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0269-7491 |
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0269-7491 |
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yes |
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6917 |
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Author |
Jérôme Fort, David Grémillet, Gwendoline Traisnel, Françoise Amélineau, Paco Bustamante |
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Title |
Does temporal variation of mercury levels in Arctic seabirds reflect changes in global environmental contamination, or a modification of Arctic marine food web functioning? |
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Journal |
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Year |
2016 |
Publication |
Environmental Pollution |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
211 |
Issue |
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Pages |
382-388 |
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Keywords |
Arctic Bio-indicator Little auk Metal Temporal trend Zooplankton |
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Abstract |
Studying long-term trends of contaminants in Arctic biota is essential to better understand impacts of anthropogenic activities and climate change on the exposure of sensitive species and marine ecosystems. We concurrently measured temporal changes (2006–2014) in mercury (Hg) contamination of little auks (Alle alle; the most abundant Arctic seabird) and in their major zooplankton prey species (Calanoid copepods, Themisto libellula, Gammarus spp.). We found an increasing contamination of the food-chain in East Greenland during summer over the last decade. More specifically, bird contamination (determined by body feather analyses) has increased at a rate of 3.4% per year. Conversely, bird exposure to Hg during winter in the northwest Atlantic (determined by head feather analyses) decreased over the study period (at a rate of 1.5% per year), although winter concentrations remained consistently higher than during summer. By combining mercury levels measured in birds and zooplankton to isotopic analyses, our results demonstrate that inter-annual variations of Hg levels in little auks reflect changes in food-chain contamination, rather than a reorganization of the food web and a modification of seabird trophic ecology. They therefore underline the value of little auks, and Arctic seabirds in general, as bio-indicators of long-term changes in environmental contamination. |
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388 |
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0269-7491 |
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0269-7491 |
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yes |
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Serial |
6920 |
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Pierre Blévin, Frédéric Angelier, Sabrina Tartu, Paco Bustamante, Dorte Herzke, Børge Moe, Claus Bech, Geir Wing Gabrielsen, Jan Ove Bustnes, Olivier Chastel |
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Title |
Perfluorinated substances and telomeres in an Arctic seabird: Cross-sectional and longitudinal approaches |
Type |
Journal |
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Year |
2017 |
Publication |
Environmental Pollution |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
230 |
Issue |
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Pages |
360-367 |
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Keywords |
Black-legged kittiwake DNA Organic contaminants PFASs Svalbard |
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Abstract |
Telomeres are non-coding DNA repeats located at the termini of eukaryotic chromosomes, regulated by dynamic processes balancing shortening and maintenance. Despite a mechanism to slow-down telomere shortening, cell division leads to progressive attrition of chromosomes, leading to the onset of cellular senescence or apoptosis. However, telomere restoration based on telomerase activity is the primary mechanism for telomere maintenance. Telomere length is associated to health and survival and can be impacted by a broad panel of environmental factors. However, the effect of contaminants on telomeres is poorly known for living organisms. The aim of this study was to investigate relationships between some poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), body condition and telomere length by using both a cross-sectional and longitudinal approach in adult breeding Black-legged kittiwakes (Rissa tridactyla) from Svalbard. First, we examined the associations between absolute telomere length and PFASs contamination in a given year (cross-sectional approach). Second, we investigated the relationships between telomere dynamics and PFASs contamination within a two years’ time frame (longitudinal approach). Our results did not show any significant relationships of PFASs and body condition with absolute telomere length in a given year. Surprisingly, we found a positive and significant relationship between PFASs and telomere dynamics in both sexes with elongated telomere in birds bearing the highest concentrations of PFASs. Our study underlines (i) the need to investigate PFAS effects on telomere dynamics with a longitudinal approach and (ii) a potential positive effect of these contaminants on telomere length, with the most contaminated birds showing the slowest rate of telomere shortening or even displaying elongated ones. Our study is the first to report a relationship between PFASs and telomere length in free-living vertebrates. A possible underlying mechanism and other potential confounding factors are discussed. |
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0269-7491 |
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0269-7491 |
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6981 |
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