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Claudio A. González‐Wevar, Nicolás I. Segovia, Sebastián Rosenfeld, Jaime Ojeda, Mathias Hüne, Javier Naretto, Thomas Saucède, Paul Brickle, Simon Morley, Jean-Pierre Féral, Hamish G. Spencer, Elie Poulin |
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Title |
Unexpected absence of island endemics: Long-distance dispersal in higher latitude sub-Antarctic Siphonaria (Gastropoda: Euthyneura) species |
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2018 |
Publication |
Journal of Biogeography |
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Volume |
45 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
874-884 |
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Keywords |
Antarctic circumpolar current direct developers long-distance dispersal oceanic biogeography pulmonate rafting Siphonaria sub-Antarctic |
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Aim We assess biogeographical patterns, population structure and the range of species in the pulmonate genus Siphonaria across the sub-Antarctic. We hypothesized that locally endemic cryptic species will be found across the distribution of these direct-developing limpets in the sub-Antarctic. Location The sub-Antarctic coasts of the Southern Ocean including South America, the Falkland/Malvinas, South Georgia, Kerguelen and Macquarie Islands. Methods Multi-locus phylogenetic reconstructions, mtDNA time-calibrated divergence time estimations and population-based analyses of Siphonaria populations were used at the scale of the Southern Ocean. Results We resolve two widely distributed lineages of Siphonaria (S. lateralis and S. fuegiensis) across the sub-Antarctic. MtDNA divergence time estimates suggest that they were separated around 4.0 Ma (3.0 to 8.0 Ma). Subsequently both species followed different evolutionary pathways across their distributions. Low levels of genetic diversity characterize the populations of both species, reflecting the role of Quaternary glacial cycles during their respective demographic histories, suggesting high levels of dispersal among geographically distant localities. Main conclusions Siphonaria lateralis and S. fuegiensis constitute sister and broadly co-distributed species across the sub-Antarctic. Unexpected transoceanic similarities and low levels of genetic diversity in both these direct-developing species imply recurrent recolonization processes through long-distance dispersal to isolated sub-Antarctic islands. For such groups of Southern Ocean invertebrates, rafting may be more effective for long-distance dispersal than a free-living planktotrophic larval stage. This biogeographical model may explain why many marine species lacking a dispersal phase exhibit broad distributions, low genetic diversity and low population structure over thousands of kilometres. |
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1365-2699 |
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1365-2699 |
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7109 |
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Benjamin Merkel, Sébastien Descamps, Nigel G. Yoccoz, David Grémillet, Francis Daunt, Kjell E. Erikstad, Aleksey V. Ezhov, Mike P. Harris, Maria Gavrilo, Svein-Håkon Lorentsen, Tone K. Reiertsen, Harald Steen, Geir H. Systad, Þorkell Lindberg Þórarinsson, Sarah Wanless, Hallvard Strøm |
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Title |
Individual migration strategy fidelity but no habitat specialization in two congeneric seabirds |
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Year |
2021 |
Publication |
Journal of Biogeography |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
48 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
263-275 |
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Keywords |
guillemots light-level geolocation murres Uria aalge Uria lomvia |
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Aim In migratory species, individuals often use fixed and individual-specific migration strategies, which we term individual migration strategy fidelity (IMSF). Our goal was to test if guillemots have flexible or fixed individual migration strategies (i.e. IMSF), if this behaviour is consistent across large parts of the genus’ range and if they were philopatric to geographical sites or a habitat feature. Location North Atlantic. Taxon Uria spp. Methods We quantified consistent individual differences in inter-annual spatial distribution and habitat occupied throughout the non-breeding period using a large geolocator tracking dataset of 729 adult seabirds breeding at 13 colonies across the Northeast Atlantic and repeatedly tracked up to 7 years over a 9-year period. Additionally, we used a similarity index to calculate relative fidelity to either geographical sites or habitats and linear mixed-effects models to assess persistence of spatial site fidelity over multiple years. Results Both guillemot species exhibited IMSF across a large part of the genus’ range which persisted over multiple years. Individuals of both species and almost all colonies showed fidelity to geographical sites and not to specific habitats. Main conclusions Guillemots show IMSF that is best explained by site familiarity (fidelity to specific sites) rather than habitat specialization (fidelity to specific habitats). In the context of rapidly changing environments, favourable habitats may permanently shift locations and hence species displaying IMSF driven by site familiarity—such as the genus Uria—may not be able to adjust their migration strategies sufficiently fast to sustain individual fitness and ensure population persistence. |
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1365-2699 |
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1365-2699 |
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8025 |
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Nicolas J. Rawlence, Alexander T. Salis, Hamish G. Spencer, Jonathan M. Waters, Lachie Scarsbrook, Kieren J. Mitchell, Richard A. Phillips, Luciano Calderón, Timothée R. Cook, Charles-André Bost, Ludovic Dutoit, Tania M. King, Juan F. Masello, Lisa J. Nupen, Petra Quillfeldt, Norman Ratcliffe, Peter G. Ryan, Charlotte E. Till, Martyn Kennedy |
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Title |
Rapid radiation of Southern Ocean shags in response to receding sea ice |
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Year |
2022 |
Publication |
Journal of Biogeography |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
49 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
942-953 |
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Keywords |
biogeography climate cycles cormorant Leucocarbo Southern Ocean speciation sub-Antarctic |
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Aim Understanding how natural populations respond to climatic shifts is a fundamental goal of biological research in a fast-changing world. The Southern Ocean represents a fascinating system for assessing large-scale climate-driven biological change, as it contains extremely isolated island groups within a predominantly westerly, circumpolar wind and current system. Blue-eyed shags represent a paradoxical seabird radiation—a circumpolar distribution implies strong dispersal capacity yet their species-rich nature suggests local adaptation and isolation. Here we attempt to resolve this paradox in light of the history of repeated cycles of climate change in the Southern Ocean. Location Southern Ocean. Taxa 16 species and subspecies of blue-eyed shags (Phalacrocoracidae; Leucocarbo spp.). Methods We use mitochondrial and nuclear sequence data from individuals across the geographical range of the genus to conduct the first comprehensive, time-calibrated phylogenetic analyses and ancestral-range biogeographical reconstructions of the blue-eyed shags. Results The origins of many island-endemic lineages are remarkably recent, consistent with a recent high-latitude circumpolar radiation in the Pliocene or Early Pleistocene. This recent sub-Antarctic expansion contrasts with significantly deeper lineages detected in South America and, to a lesser extent, New Zealand. These regions, particularly South America, acted as glacial refugia and sources for multiple waves of post-glacial dispersal. Main conclusions The blue-eyed shag paradox is resolved, with at least two waves of dispersal, linked to interglacial cycles, explaining the current distribution and diversity. Descendants of a Pliocene or Early Pleistocene wave of dispersal out of South America survive in the New Zealand region. In contrast, taxa distributed on sub-Antarctic islands originated much later, possibly since the Last Glacial Maximum. Blue-eyed shags therefore represent a powerful model system—comprising several natural replicates—for studying the early stages of founder-event speciation and adaptation in a Southern-Ocean bird group. |
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394 |
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1365-2699 |
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1365-2699 |
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yes |
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8456 |
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Stéphanie Jenouvrier, Lise M. Aubry, Christophe Barbraud, Henri Weimerskirch, Hal Caswell |
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Title |
Interacting effects of unobserved heterogeneity and individual stochasticity in the life history of the southern fulmar |
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Year |
2017 |
Publication |
Journal of Animal Ecology |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
87 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
212-222 |
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Keywords |
frailty individual quality latent life expectancy lifetime reproductive success |
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Abstract |
Individuals are heterogeneous in many ways. Some of these differences are incorporated as individual states (e.g. age, size, breeding status) in population models. However, substantial amounts of heterogeneity may remain unaccounted for, due to unmeasurable genetic, maternal or environmental factors. Such unobserved heterogeneity (UH) affects the behaviour of heterogeneous cohorts via intra-cohort selection and contributes to inter-individual variance in demographic outcomes such as longevity and lifetime reproduction. Variance is also produced by individual stochasticity, due to random events in the life cycle of wild organisms, yet no study thus far has attempted to decompose the variance in demographic outcomes into contributions from UH and individual stochasticity for an animal population in the wild. We developed a stage-classified matrix population model for the southern fulmar breeding on Ile des Pétrels, Antarctica. We applied multievent, multistate mark–recapture methods to estimate a finite mixture model accounting for UH in all vital rates and Markov chain methods to calculate demographic outcomes. Finally, we partitioned the variance in demographic outcomes into contributions from UH and individual stochasticity. We identify three UH groups, differing substantially in longevity, lifetime reproductive output, age at first reproduction and in the proportion of the life spent in each reproductive state. –14% of individuals at fledging have a delayed but high probability of recruitment and extended reproductive life span. –67% of individuals are less likely to reach adulthood, recruit late and skip breeding often but have the highest adult survival rate. –19% of individuals recruit early and attempt to breed often. They are likely to raise their offspring successfully, but experience a relatively short life span. Unobserved heterogeneity only explains a small fraction of the variances in longevity (5.9%), age at first reproduction (3.7%) and lifetime reproduction (22%). UH can affect the entire life cycle, including survival, development and reproductive rates, with consequences over the lifetime of individuals and impacts on cohort dynamics. The respective role of UH vs. individual stochasticity varies greatly among demographic outcomes. We discuss the implication of our finding for the gradient of life-history strategies observed among species and argue that individual differences should be accounted for in demographic studies of wild populations. |
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1365-2656 |
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1365-2656 |
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yes |
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7165 |
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Samantha Clare Patrick, Henri Weimerskirch |
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Title |
Reproductive success is driven by local site fidelity despite stronger specialisation by individuals for large-scale habitat preference |
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Year |
2017 |
Publication |
Journal of Animal Ecology |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
86 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
674-682 |
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Keywords |
black-browed albatross foraging niche width generalist intra-individual variability seabirds |
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Abstract |
There is widespread evidence that within populations, specialists and generalists can coexist and this is particularly prevalent in marine ecosystems, where foraging specialisations are evident. While individuals may limit niche overlap by consistently foraging in specific areas, site fidelity may also emerge as an artefact of habitat choice, but both drivers and fitness consequences of site fidelity are poorly understood. Here, we examine an individual metric of site and habitat fidelity, using tracking data collected over 11 years for black-browed albatrosses (Thalassarche melanophris). Fidelity was calculated as the similarity between pairs of foraging zones, quantifying measures for within and between years. Foraging areas were identified using area-restricted search, defined as periods during which birds decrease speed and increase turning. Our results demonstrate that birds were considerably more specialised in the habitat in which they forage than the exact location they use within years, and there was a similar pattern between years. However, despite this, it was site fidelity that explained reproductive success. Within a single year, females which were more faithful to a specific location had higher reproductive success than non-specialists, and between years there was a tendency for both sexes. Our results suggest that black-browed albatrosses are highly faithful in their foraging habitat but it is rather site fidelity that is more clearly associated with reproductive success. |
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1365-2656 |
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1365-2656 |
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yes |
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7176 |
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Henri Weimerskirch |
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Title |
Linking demographic processes and foraging ecology in wandering albatross—Conservation implications |
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Year |
2018 |
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Journal of Animal Ecology |
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Volume |
87 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
945-955 |
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Keywords |
capture–mark–recapture Diomedea exulans population dynamics vital rates |
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Population dynamics and foraging ecology are two fields of the population ecology that are generally studied separately. Yet, foraging determines allocation processes and therefore demography. Studies on wandering albatrosses Diomedea exulans over the past 50 years have contributed to better understand the links between population dynamics and foraging ecology. This article reviews how these two facets of population ecology have been combined to better understand ecological processes, but also have contributed fundamentally for the conservation of this long-lived threatened species. Wandering albatross research has combined a 50-year long-term study of marked individuals with two decades of tracking studies that have been initiated on this species, favoured by its large size and tameness. At all stages of their life history, the body mass of individuals plays a central role in allocation processes, in particular in influencing adult and juvenile survival, decisions to recruit into the population or to invest into provisioning the offspring or into maintenance. Strong age-related variations in demographic parameters are observed and are linked to age-related differences in foraging distribution and efficiency. Marked sex-specific differences in foraging distribution, foraging efficiency and changes in mass over lifetime are directly related to the strong sex-specific investment in breeding and survival trajectories of the two sexes, with body mass playing a pivotal role especially in males. Long-term study has allowed determining the sex-specific and age-specific demographic causes of population decline, and the tracking studies have been able to derive where and how these impacts occur, in particular the role of long-line fisheries. |
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1365-2656 |
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1365-2656 |
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yes |
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7187 |
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Stephanie M. Harris, Sébastien Descamps, Lynne U. Sneddon, Philip Bertrand, Olivier Chastel, Samantha C. Patrick |
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Title |
Personality predicts foraging site fidelity and trip repeatability in a marine predator |
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Year |
2020 |
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Journal of Animal Ecology |
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Volume |
89 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
68-79 |
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Keywords |
biologging boldness foraging niche width foraging specialization marine vertebrate movement ecology personality site fidelity |
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Abstract |
Animal populations are often comprised of both foraging specialists and generalists. For instance, some individuals show higher foraging site fidelity (spatial specialization) than others. Such individual differences in degree of specialization can persist over time-scales of months or even years in long-lived animals, but the mechanisms leading to these different individual strategies are not fully understood. There is accumulating evidence that individual variation in foraging behaviour is shaped by animal personality traits, such as boldness. Despite this, the potential for boldness to drive differences in the degree of specialization is unknown. In this study, we used novel object tests to measure boldness in black-legged kittiwakes (Rissa tridactyla) breeding at four colonies in Svalbard and deployed GPS loggers to examine their at-sea foraging behaviour. We estimated the repeatability of foraging trips and used a hidden Markov model to identify locations of foraging sites in order to quantify individual foraging site fidelity. Across the breeding season, bolder birds were more repeatable than shy individuals in the distance and range of their foraging trips, and during the incubation period (but not chick rearing), bolder individuals were more site-faithful. Birds exhibited these differences while showing high spatial similarity in foraging areas, indicating that site selection was not driven by personality-dependent spatial partitioning. We instead suggest that a relationship between boldness and site fidelity may be driven by differences in behavioural flexibility between bold and shy individuals. Together, these results provide a potential mechanism by which widely reported individual differences in foraging specialization may emerge. |
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1365-2656 |
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1365-2656 |
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yes |
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7633 |
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Christophe Barbraud |
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Title |
Senescence in nature: New insights from a long-term seabird study |
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Year |
2019 |
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Journal of Animal Ecology |
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Volume |
88 |
Issue |
7 |
Pages |
968-970 |
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early-life diet mate dynamics Nazca booby senescence sex |
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In Focus: Tompkins, E. M., & Anderson, D. J. (2019). Sex-specific patterns of senescencein Nazca boobies linked to mating system. Journal of Animal Ecology, 88, 986-1000. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2656.12944. Sex-specific differences in senescence and environmental impacts on senescence in both sexes remain poorly understood. Tompkins and Anderson (2019) studied senescence in survival (hereafter called actuarial senescence) and in reproduction (hereafter called reproductive senescence) in Nazca boobies using 33 years of individual-based capture–recapture data. Senescence patterns (life-history traits, ages at onset, senescence rates) differed between sexes and were affected by environmental conditions (food availability) faced by individuals during their younger ages. Patterns of sex differences in senescence may result from the mating dynamics due to the population's male-biased sex ratio. |
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1365-2656 |
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1365-2656 |
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7634 |
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Author |
Fitsum Abadi, Christophe Barbraud, Olivier Gimenez |
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Title |
Integrated population modeling reveals the impact of climate on the survival of juvenile emperor penguins |
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Year |
2017 |
Publication |
Global Change Biology |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
23 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
1353-1359 |
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Bayesian climate change emperor penguins integrated population model sea ice concentration southern annular mode survival |
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Abstract |
Early-life demographic traits are poorly known, impeding our understanding of population processes and sensitivity to climate change. Survival of immature individuals is a critical component of population dynamics and recruitment in particular. However, obtaining reliable estimates of juvenile survival (i.e., from independence to first year) remains challenging, as immatures are often difficult to observe and to monitor individually in the field. This is particularly acute for seabirds, in which juveniles stay at sea and remain undetectable for several years. In this work, we developed a Bayesian integrated population model to estimate the juvenile survival of emperor penguins (Aptenodytes forsteri), and other demographic parameters including adult survival and fecundity of the species. Using this statistical method, we simultaneously analyzed capture–recapture data of adults, the annual number of breeding females, and the number of fledglings of emperor penguins collected at Dumont d'Urville, Antarctica, for the period 1971–1998. We also assessed how climate covariates known to affect the species foraging habitats and prey [southern annular mode (SAM), sea ice concentration (SIC)] affect juvenile survival. Our analyses revealed that there was a strong evidence for the positive effect of SAM during the rearing period (SAMR) on juvenile survival. Our findings suggest that this large-scale climate index affects juvenile emperor penguins body condition and survival through its influence on wind patterns, fast ice extent, and distance to open water. Estimating the influence of environmental covariates on juvenile survival is of major importance to understand the impacts of climate variability and change on the population dynamics of emperor penguins and seabirds in general and to make robust predictions on the impact of climate change on marine predators. |
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1365-2486 |
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1365-2486 |
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yes |
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7146 |
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Olivier Gilg, Benoît Sittler, Ilkka Hanski |
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Title |
Climate change and cyclic predator–prey population dynamics in the high Arctic |
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Year |
2009 |
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Global Change Biology |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
15 |
Issue |
11 |
Pages |
2634-2652 |
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Alopex lagopus Arctic community climate change cyclic dynamics Dicrostonyx groenlandicus Greenland Mustela erminea Nyctea scandiaca predator–prey interaction Stercorarius longicaudus |
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Abstract |
The high Arctic has the world's simplest terrestrial vertebrate predator–prey community, with the collared lemming being the single main prey of four predators, the snowy owl, the Arctic fox, the long-tailed skua, and the stoat. Using a 20-year-long time series of population densities for the five species and a dynamic model that has been previously parameterized for northeast Greenland, we analyzed the population and community level consequences of the ongoing and predicted climate change. Species' responses to climate change are complex, because in addition to the direct effects of climate change, which vary depending on species' life histories, species are also affected indirectly due to, e.g., predator–prey interactions. The lemming–predator community exemplifies these complications, yet a robust conclusion emerges from our modeling: in practically all likely scenarios of how climate change may influence the demography of the species, climate change increases the length of the lemming population cycle and decreases the maximum population densities. The latter change in particular is detrimental to the populations of the predators, which are adapted to make use of the years of the greatest prey abundance. Therefore, climate change will indirectly reduce the predators' reproductive success and population densities, and may ultimately lead to local extinction of some of the predator species. Based on these results, we conclude that the recent anomalous observations about lack of cyclic lemming dynamics in eastern Greenland may well be the first signs of a severe impact of climate change on the lemming–predator communities in Greenland and elsewhere in the high Arctic. |
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1365-2486 |
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1365-2486 |
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7251 |
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