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Author Marianne Gabirot, Bruno Buatois, Carsten T. Müller, Francesco Bonadonna
Title Odour of King Penguin feathers analysed using direct thermal desorption discriminates between individuals but not sexes Type Journal
Year 2018 Publication Ibis Abbreviated Journal
Volume 160 Issue 2 Pages 379-389
Keywords Aptenodytes patagonicus individual variability plumage volatile organic compounds
Abstract The role and use of olfactory cues by penguins is largely under-investigated, with only a few studies suggesting that odours are involved in prey detection, orientation and for interspecific communication. This also applies to King Penguins Aptenodytes patagonicus where little is known about their chemoreception abilities and, subsequently, the role of odours in their behavioural ecology. Here, we investigated the chemical composition of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from feathers of King Penguins in the Kerguelen Archipelago and their potential to carry information on identity and sex. We analysed VOCs using direct thermal desorption, a novel approach for extracting volatile compounds directly from solid matrices. We were only able to test at desorption temperatures of 70 and 100 °C to optimize conditions for VOC analysis. We found a profile of 26 VOCs present in most individuals, which varied significantly between individuals but not between sexes. Results suggested that VOCs could possibly be used by King Penguins to locate the colony and recognize individuals, if similar VOCs are also present at ambient conditions. Further studies and behavioural experiments are encouraged to explore olfactory-based communication in this species.
Programme 354
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Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 1474-919X ISBN (down) 1474-919X Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Approved yes
Call Number Serial 7098
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Author Hannah J. Kriesell, Thierry Aubin, Víctor Planas‐Bielsa, Marine Benoiste, Francesco Bonadonna, Hélène Gachot‐Neveu, Yvon Le Maho, Quentin Schull, Benoit Vallas, Sandrine Zahn, Céline Le Bohec
Title Sex identification in King Penguins Aptenodytes patagonicus through morphological and acoustic cues Type Journal
Year 2018 Publication Ibis Abbreviated Journal
Volume 160 Issue 4 Pages 755-768
Keywords morphology penguins seabird sexing methods sexual selection vocal sex recognition
Abstract In the context of sexual selection, animals have developed a variety of cues conveying information about the sex of an individual to conspecifics. In many colonial seabird species, where females and males are monomorphic and do not show obvious differences in external morphology, acoustic cues are an important signal for individual and sex recognition. Here, we study the vocal and morphological sex dimorphism in the King Penguin Aptenodytes patagonicus, a colonial, monomorphic seabird for which our knowledge about the role of vocalizations and morphology in mate choice is very limited. Data were collected at Possession Island, Crozet Archipelago, in a breeding colony consisting of about 16 000 breeding pairs. Using measurements of six morphological features and analysing acoustic parameters of call recordings of adult individuals, we show that King Penguins can be sexed based on a single morphological measurement of the beak with an accuracy of 79%. We found a sex-specific syntax in adult King Penguin calls that provided a 100% accurate method to distinguish between the sexes in our study population. To confirm the method at the species level, we analysed calls recorded from King Penguin adults in Kerguelen Island, 1300 km away from our study population and found the same accuracy of the sex-specific syntax. This sex-specific syllable arrangement is rare in non-passerines and is a first step in understanding the mate choice process in this species. Furthermore, it offers a cost-effective, non-invasive technique for researchers to sex King Penguins in the field.
Programme 137,354
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Corporate Author Thesis Bachelor's thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 1474-919X ISBN (down) 1474-919X Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Approved yes
Call Number Serial 7100
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Author David J. Yurkowski, Marie Auger‐Méthé, Mark L. Mallory, Sarah N. P. Wong, Grant Gilchrist, Andrew E. Derocher, Evan Richardson, Nicholas J. Lunn, Nigel E. Hussey, Marianne Marcoux, Ron R. Togunov, Aaron T. Fisk, Lois A. Harwood, Rune Dietz, Aqqalu Rosing‐Asvid, Erik W. Born, Anders Mosbech, Jérôme Fort, David Grémillet, Lisa Loseto, Pierre R. Richard, John Iacozza, Frankie Jean‐Gagnon, Tanya M. Brown, Kristin H. Westdal, Jack Orr, Bernard LeBlanc, Kevin J. Hedges, Margaret A. Treble, Steven T. Kessel, Paul J. Blanchfield, Shanti Davis, Mark Maftei, Nora Spencer, Laura McFarlane‐Tranquilla, William A. Montevecchi, Blake Bartzen, Lynne Dickson, Christine Anderson, Steven H. Ferguson
Title Abundance and species diversity hotspots of tracked marine predators across the North American Arctic Type Journal
Year 2019 Publication Diversity and distributions Abbreviated Journal
Volume 25 Issue 3 Pages 328-345
Keywords animal movement biologging climate change conservation fishes marine mammals protected areas seabirds
Abstract Aim Climate change is altering marine ecosystems worldwide and is most pronounced in the Arctic. Economic development is increasing leading to more disturbances and pressures on Arctic wildlife. Identifying areas that support higher levels of predator abundance and biodiversity is important for the implementation of targeted conservation measures across the Arctic. Location Primarily Canadian Arctic marine waters but also parts of the United States, Greenland and Russia. Methods We compiled the largest data set of existing telemetry data for marine predators in the North American Arctic consisting of 1,283 individuals from 21 species. Data were arranged into four species groups: (a) cetaceans and pinnipeds, (b) polar bears Ursus maritimus (c) seabirds, and (d) fishes to address the following objectives: (a) to identify abundance hotspots for each species group in the summer–autumn and winter–spring; (b) to identify species diversity hotspots across all species groups and extent of overlap with exclusive economic zones; and (c) to perform a gap analysis that assesses amount of overlap between species diversity hotspots with existing protected areas. Results Abundance and species diversity hotpots during summer–autumn and winter–spring were identified in Baffin Bay, Davis Strait, Hudson Bay, Hudson Strait, Amundsen Gulf, and the Beaufort, Chukchi and Bering seas both within and across species groups. Abundance and species diversity hotpots occurred within the continental slope in summer–autumn and offshore in areas of moving pack ice in winter–spring. Gap analysis revealed that the current level of conservation protection that overlaps species diversity hotspots is low covering only 5% (77,498 km2) in summer–autumn and 7% (83,202 km2) in winter–spring. Main conclusions We identified several areas of potential importance for Arctic marine predators that could provide policymakers with a starting point for conservation measures given the multitude of threats facing the Arctic. These results are relevant to multilevel and multinational governance to protect this vulnerable ecosystem in our rapidly changing world.
Programme 388
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Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 1472-4642 ISBN (down) 1472-4642 Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Approved yes
Call Number Serial 7457
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Author Julien Goebel, Marta Promerová, Francesco Bonadonna, Karen D. McCoy, Céline Serbielle, Maria Strandh, Glenn Yannic, Reto Burri, Luca Fumagalli
Title 100 million years of multigene family evolution: origin and evolution of the avian MHC class IIB Type Book Chapter
Year 2017 Publication Bmc genomics Abbreviated Journal
Volume 18 Issue Pages 460
Keywords Birds Birth-death evolution Concerted evolution Gene conversion Gene duplication Major histocompatibility complex Recombination
Abstract Gene duplication has led to a most remarkable adaptation involved in vertebrates’ host-pathogen arms-race, the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). However, MHC duplication history is as yet poorly understood in non-mammalian vertebrates, including birds.
Programme 333,354
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Corporate Author Thesis Bachelor's thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 1471-2164 ISBN (down) 1471-2164 Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Approved yes
Call Number Serial 6577
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Author Julien Goebel, Marta Promerová, Francesco Bonadonna, Karen D. McCoy, Céline Serbielle, Maria Strandh, Glenn Yannic, Reto Burri, Luca Fumagalli
Title 100 million years of multigene family evolution: origin and evolution of the avian MHC class IIB Type Journal
Year 2018 Publication BMC Genomics Abbreviated Journal
Volume 18 Issue 1 Pages 460
Keywords
Abstract Gene duplication has led to a most remarkable adaptation involved in vertebrates’ host-pathogen arms-race, the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). However, MHC duplication history is as yet poorly understood in non-mammalian vertebrates, including birds.
Programme 333
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ISSN 1471-2164 ISBN (down) 1471-2164 Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Approved yes
Call Number Serial 7417
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Author Chenuil Anne, Saucède Thomas, Hemery Lenaïg G., Eléaume Marc, Féral Jean‐Pierre, Améziane Nadia, David Bruno, Lecointre Guillaume, Havermans Charlotte
Title Understanding processes at the origin of species flocks with a focus on the marine Antarctic fauna Type Journal
Year 2017 Publication Biological Reviews Abbreviated Journal
Volume 93 Issue 1 Pages 481-504
Keywords adaptive radiation competition diversification ecological niche endemicity extinction life‐history trait phylogeny
Abstract Species flocks (SFs) fascinate evolutionary biologists who wonder whether such striking diversification can be driven by normal evolutionary processes. Multiple definitions of SFs have hindered the study of their origins. Previous studies identified a monophyletic taxon as a SF if it displays high speciosity in an area in which it is endemic (criterion 1), high ecological diversity among species (criterion 2), and if it dominates the habitat in terms of biomass (criterion 3); we used these criteria in our analyses. Our starting hypothesis is that normal evolutionary processes may provide a sufficient explanation for most SFs. We thus clearly separate each criterion and identify which biological (intrinsic) and environmental (extrinsic) traits are most favourable to their realization. The first part focuses on evolutionary processes. We highlight that some popular putative causes of SFs, such as key innovations or ecological speciation, are neither necessary nor sufficient to fulfill some or all of the three criteria. Initial differentiation mechanisms are diverse and difficult to identify a posteriori because a primary differentiation of one type (genetic, ecological or geographical) often promotes other types of differentiation. Furthermore, the criteria are not independent: positive feedbacks between speciosity and ecological diversity among species are expected whatever the initial cause of differentiation, and ecological diversity should enhance habitat dominance at the clade level. We then identify intrinsic and extrinsic factors that favour each criterion. Low dispersal emerges as a convincing driver of speciosity. Except for a genomic architecture favouring ecological speciation, for which assessment is difficult, high effective population sizes are the single intrinsic factor that directly enhances speciosity, ecological diversity and habitat dominance. No extrinsic factor appeared to enhance all criteria simultaneously but a combination of factors (insularity, fragmentation and environmental stability) may favour the three criteria, although the effect is indirect for habitat dominance. We then apply this analytical framework to Antarctic marine environments by analysing data from 18 speciose clades belonging to echinoderms (five unrelated clades), notothenioid fishes (five clades) and peracarid crustaceans (eight clades). Antarctic shelf environments and history appear favourable to endemicity and speciosity, but not to ecological specialization. Two main patterns are distinguished among taxa. (i) In echinoderms, many brooding, species?rich and endemic clades are reported, but without remarkable ecological diversity or habitat dominance. In these taxa, loss of the larval stage is probably a consequence of past Antarctic environmental factors, and brooding is suggested to be responsible for enhanced allopatric speciation (via dispersal limitation). (ii) In notothenioids and peracarids, many clades fulfill all three SF criteria. This could result from unusual features in fish and crustaceans: chromosome instability and key innovations (antifreeze proteins) in notothenioids, ecological opportunity in peracarids, and a genomic architecture favouring ecological speciation in both groups. Therefore, the data do not support our starting point that normal evolutionary factors or processes drive SFs because in these two groups uncommon intrinsic features or ecological opportunity provide the best explanation. The utility of the three?criterion SF concept is therefore questioned and guidelines are given for future studies.
Programme 1044
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Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 1464-7931 ISBN (down) 1464-7931 Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Approved yes
Call Number Serial 6688
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Author William J. Pringle, Damrongsak Wirasaet, Andika Suhardjo, Jessica Meixner, Joannes J. Westerink, Andrew B. Kennedy, Shangyao Nong
Title Finite-Element barotropic model for the Indian and Western Pacific Oceans: Tidal model-data comparisons and sensitivities Type Journal
Year 2018 Publication Ocean modelling Abbreviated Journal
Volume 129 Issue Pages 13-38
Keywords Barotropic tides Bathymetry Bottom friction Finite-element Internal tide energy conversion Unstructured grid
Abstract In this study, a 9.6 million node large-scale unstructured grid finite-element forward barotropic model is developed and applied to understand the tidal dynamics and dissipation mechanisms of the Indian and western Pacific Oceans down to sub-kilometer scale at the coast. Tidal model-data comparisons are presented to assess the capabilities and limitations of our large-scale barotropic model. The average root-mean-square (RMS) discrepancies of tidal elevations at coastal tide gauges is 14 cm, which is  ∼ 3 cm smaller than those of a state-of-the-art global data assimilated barotropic tidal model. Sensitivities to lateral boundary conditions, bathymetry, and dissipative processes are explored to guide future endeavors related to large-scale barotropic modeling in the region and other regions throughout the world. Lateral boundary conditions are found to induce adverse resonant effects on the lunar semi-diurnal modes when poorly placed elevation specified boundary conditions are used. This problem is largely resolved by using an absorption-generation layer at the boundary. Parameterization of internal tide energy conversion is identified as the most important aspect to control deep water solutions, and help reduce the RMS discrepancies of the entire system. Two forms of this parameterization are presented and their spatial distributions of dissipation are compared. Bathymetry has a negligible effect on the tidal solutions in deep water, but local high resolution bathymetry results in significant reductions to the average RMS discrepancies on the continental shelf (26%) and at the coast (30%). Implementing a spatially varying bottom friction coefficient based on sediment types decreases the average RMS discrepancy at the coast by 9% predominantly due to its positive effects in the Yellow Sea. The model is shown to capture a large amount of the tidal physics and has the potential for application to a range of barotropic problems such as wind-driven surge and tidal processes.
Programme 688
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Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 1463-5003 ISBN (down) 1463-5003 Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Approved yes
Call Number Serial 7448
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Author Kevin A. Hughes, Andrew Constable, Yves Frenot, Jerónimo López-Martínez, Ewan McIvor, Birgit Njåstad, Aleks Terauds, Daniela Liggett, Gabriela Roldan, Annick Wilmotte, José C. Xavier
Title Antarctic environmental protection: Strengthening the links between science and governance Type Journal
Year 2018 Publication Environmental Science & Policy Abbreviated Journal
Volume 83 Issue Pages 86-95
Keywords Antarctic Treaty area Communication Conservation Environment Human impact Legislation Policy Science
Abstract The Antarctic has significant environmental, scientific, historic, and intrinsic values, all of which are worth protecting into the future. Nevertheless, the area is subject to an increasing level and diversity of human activities that may impact these values within marine, terrestrial and cryosphere environments. Threats to the Antarctic environment, and to the aforementioned values, include climate change, pollution, habitat destruction, wildlife disturbance and non-native species introductions. Over time, a suite of legally binding international agreements, which form part of the Antarctic Treaty System (ATS), has been established to help safeguard the Antarctic environment and provide a framework for addressing the challenges arising from these threats. Foremost among these agreements are the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty and the Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources. Many scientists working in Antarctica undertake research that is relevant to Antarctic environmental policy development. More effective two-way interaction between scientists and those responsible for policy development would further strengthen the governance framework, including by (a) better communication of policy makers’ priorities and identification of related science requirements and (b) better provision by scientists of ‘policy-ready’ information on existing priorities, emerging issues and scientific/technological advances relevant to environmental protection. The Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) has a long and successful record of summarizing policy-relevant scientific knowledge to policy makers, such as through its Group of Specialists on Environmental Affairs and Conservation (GOSEAC) up to 2002, currently the SCAR Standing Committee on the Antarctic Treaty System (SCATS) and recently through its involvement in the Antarctic Environments Portal. Improvements to science-policy communication mechanisms, combined with purposeful consideration of funding opportunities for policy-relevant science, would greatly enhance international policy development and protection of the Antarctic environment.
Programme 136
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Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
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ISSN 1462-9011 ISBN (down) 1462-9011 Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Approved yes
Call Number Serial 7033
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Author Benoît Sittler, Adrian Aebischer, Olivier Gilg
Title Post-breeding migration of four Long-tailed Skuas (Stercorarius longicaudus) from North and East Greenland to West Africa Type Journal
Year 2011 Publication Journal of Ornithology Abbreviated Journal
Volume 152 Issue 2 Pages 375-381
Keywords Greenland Long-tailed Skua Post-breeding migration Rates of travel Satellite tracking Staging area Upwelling
Abstract The Long-tailed Skua (Stercorarius longicaudus) is a specialist predator of lemmings during the summer and hence an important component of the tundra ecosystems, but most of its life cycle takes place offshore and remains largely unknown outside of the breeding season. Using 9.5-g solar-powered satellite transmitters, we were able to document for the first time the post-breeding movements of the Long-tailed Skua, from its high-Arctic breeding-grounds in North and Eastern Greenland to the tropical waters of West Africa. The birds traveled the approximately 10,000 km of this migration in only 3–5 weeks, covering 800–900 km/day during active migration, which also occurred during nighttime. Leaving their breeding areas in August (except for one failed breeder), the Long-tailed Skuas first moved south along the coast of East Greenland towards a staging area off the Canadian Great Banks where they stayed for 1–3 weeks. From there, they crossed the Atlantic Ocean eastwards in just 1 week, entering African waters near the Madeira Archipelago in September. Although only four birds were monitored for 1.5–3 months, the data reveal that the migration routes between birds breeding in different locations and in different years were relatively similar.
Programme 1036
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Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
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ISSN 1439-0361 ISBN (down) 1439-0361 Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Approved yes
Call Number Serial 7269
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Author Bastien S. Lemaire, Vincent A. Viblanc, Christelle Jozet‐Alves
Title Sex-specific lateralization during aggressive interactions in breeding king penguins Type Journal
Year 2019 Publication Ethology Abbreviated Journal
Volume 125 Issue 7 Pages 439-449
Keywords aggressiveness courtship frontal visual hemifield king penguins lateral visual hemifield sex-dependent lateralization visual lateralization
Abstract Brain and behavioral asymmetries (termed 'lateralization'; e.g., preferential eye-use) have been mostly described in controlled laboratory conditions, although striking similarities of hemispheric brain control for specific behaviors have also been shown in the wild. Visual lateralization may provide ecological advantages by allowing complementary roles played by the left–right lateral and frontal visual field in distant or close motion detection of predators or other threats. In this study, we tested for lateralization in aggressive behavior in wild king penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus), seabirds breeding in a context of strong colonial aggressiveness, and subject to on-land-based predation of their egg or chick. We show that males initiated more agonistic interactions when a congener was located in their right frontal visual field and in their left lateral visual field. The results obtained in females were the exact opposite for each subdivision of their visual fields. Complementary lateralization in male and female penguins may be part of a more general phenomenon, allowing partners to coordinate their behavior during reproduction. This may be especially true during the period of courtship, during which these seasonally monogamous and monomorphic seabirds engage in mutual mate choice based on a complex and ritualized display of ornaments located on the left and right lateral sides of the head. Those results open exciting questions as to whether hemispheric control of aggression is a commonly selected phenotypic trait across colonial seabirds.
Programme 119
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Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 1439-0310 ISBN (down) 1439-0310 Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Approved yes
Call Number Serial 7575
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