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Author |
Helen C. Wheeler, Dominique Berteaux, Chris Furgal, Kevin Cazelles, Nigel G. Yoccoz, David Grémillet |
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Title |
Identifying key needs for the integration of social–ecological outcomes in arctic wildlife monitoring |
Type |
Journal |
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Year |
2019 |
Publication |
Conservation Biology |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
33 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
861-872 |
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Keywords |
accionistas adaptive management análisis de redes cambio climático climate change conocimiento tradicional manejo adaptativo monitoreo científico network analysis scientific monitoring stakeholders traditional knowledge 传统知识 利益相关者 气候变化 科学监测 网络分析 适应性管理 |
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Abstract |
For effective monitoring in social–ecological systems to meet needs for biodiversity, science, and humans, desired outcomes must be clearly defined and routes from direct to derived outcomes understood. The Arctic is undergoing rapid climatic, ecological, social, and economic changes and requires effective wildlife monitoring to meet diverse stakeholder needs. To identify stakeholder priorities concerning desired outcomes of arctic wildlife monitoring, we conducted in-depth interviews with 29 arctic scientists, policy and decision makers, and representatives of indigenous organizations and nongovernmental organizations. Using qualitative content analysis, we identified and defined desired outcomes and documented links between outcomes. Using network analysis, we investigated the structure of perceived links between desired outcomes. We identified 18 desired outcomes from monitoring and classified them as either driven by monitoring information, monitoring process, or a combination of both. Highly cited outcomes were make decisions, conserve, detect change, disseminate, and secure food. These reflect key foci of arctic monitoring. Infrequently cited outcomes (e.g., govern) were emerging themes. Three modules comprised our outcome network. The modularity highlighted the low strength of perceived links between outcomes that were primarily information driven or more derived (e.g., detect change, make decisions, conserve, or secure food) and outcomes that were primarily process driven or more derived (e.g., cooperate, learn, educate). The outcomes expand monitoring community and disseminate created connections between these modules. Key desired outcomes are widely applicable to social–ecological systems within and outside the Arctic, particularly those with wildlife subsistence economies. Attributes and motivations associated with outcomes can guide development of integrated monitoring goals for biodiversity conservation and human needs. Our results demonstrated the disconnect between information- and process-driven goals and how expansion of the monitoring community and improved integration of monitoring stakeholders will help connect information- and process-derived outcomes for effective ecosystem stewardship. |
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388 |
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Bachelor's thesis |
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ISSN |
1523-1739 |
ISBN  |
1523-1739 |
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yes |
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Serial |
7125 |
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Author |
H. Weimerskirch, D. P. Filippi, J. Collet, S. M. Waugh, S. C. Patrick |
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Title |
Use of radar detectors to track attendance of albatrosses at fishing vessels |
Type |
Journal |
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Year |
2017 |
Publication |
Conservation Biology |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
32 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
240-245 |
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Keywords |
biologging bioregistro conservation method long-line fisheries método de conservación pesca con sedal largo sistema de monitoreo de navíos vessel monitoring system |
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Abstract |
Despite international waters covering over 60% of the world's oceans, understanding of how fisheries in these regions shape ecosystem processes is surprisingly poor. Seabirds forage at fishing vessels, which has potentially deleterious effects for their population, but the extent of overlap and behavior in relation to ships is poorly known. Using novel biologging devices, which detect radar emissions and record the position of boats and seabirds, we measured the true extent of the overlap between seabirds and fishing vessels and generated estimates of the intensity of fishing and distribution of vessels in international waters. During breeding, wandering albatrosses (Diomedea exulans) from the Crozet Islands patrolled an area of over 10 million km2 at distances up to 2500 km from the colony. Up to 79.5% of loggers attached to birds detected vessels. The extent of overlap between albatrosses and fisheries has widespread implications for bycatch risk in seabirds and reveals the areas of intense fishing throughout the ocean. We suggest that seabirds equipped with radar detectors are excellent monitors of the presence of vessels in the Southern Ocean and offer a new way to monitor the presence of illegal fisheries and to better understand the impact of fisheries on seabirds. |
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109 |
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1523-1739 |
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1523-1739 |
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yes |
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7184 |
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P. D. Boersma, P. García Borboroglu, N. J. Gownaris, C. A. Bost, A. Chiaradia, S. Ellis, T. Schneider, P. J. Seddon, A. Simeone, P. N. Trathan, L. J. Waller, B. Wienecke |
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Title |
Applying science to pressing conservation needs for penguins |
Type |
Journal |
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Year |
2019 |
Publication |
Conservation Biology |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
n/a |
Issue |
n/a |
Pages |
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Keywords |
cambio climático centinelas de ecosistemas clasificación por pares climate change comunicación científica ecosystem sentinels hábitat no reproductor knowledge gaps marine spatial planning nonbreeding habitat pairwise ranking planificación marina espacial science communication vacíos de conocimiento |
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Abstract |
More than half of the world's 18 penguin species are declining. We, the Steering Committee of the International Union for Conservation of Nature Species Survival Commission Penguin Specialist Group, determined that the penguin species in most critical need of conservation action are African penguin (Spheniscus demersus), Galápagos penguin (Spheniscus mendiculus), and Yellow-eyed penguin (Megadyptes antipodes). Due to small or rapidly declining populations, these species require immediate scientific collaboration and policy intervention. We also used a pairwise-ranking approach to prioritize research and conservation needs for all penguins. Among the 12 cross-taxa research areas we identified, we ranked quantifying population trends, estimating demographic rates, forecasting environmental patterns of change, and improving the knowledge of fisheries interactions as the highest priorities. The highest ranked conservation needs were to enhance marine spatial planning, improve stakeholder engagement, and develop disaster-management and species-specific action plans. We concurred that, to improve the translation of science into effective conservation for penguins, the scientific community and funding bodies must recognize the importance of and support long-term research; research on and conservation of penguins must expand its focus to include the nonbreeding season and juvenile stage; marine reserves must be designed at ecologically appropriate spatial and temporal scales; and communication between scientists and decision makers must be improved with the help of individual scientists and interdisciplinary working groups. |
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394 |
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1523-1739 |
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1523-1739 |
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yes |
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Serial |
7574 |
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Author |
Steven J. Portugal, Jonathan A. Green, Lewis G. Halsey, Walter Arnold, Vincent Careau, Peter Dann, Peter B. Frappell, David Grémillet, Yves Handrich, Graham R. Martin, Thomas Ruf, Magella M. Guillemette, Patrick J. Butler |
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Title |
Associations between Resting, Activity, and Daily Metabolic Rate in Free-Living Endotherms: No Universal Rule in Birds and Mammals |
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Journal |
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Year |
2016 |
Publication |
Physiological and Biochemical Zoology |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
89 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
251-261 |
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Abstract |
Energy management models provide theories and predictions for how animals manage their energy budgets within their energetic constraints, in terms of their resting metabolic rate (RMR) and daily energy expenditure (DEE). Thus, uncovering what associations exist between DEE and RMR is key to testing these models. Accordingly, there is considerable interest in the relationship between DEE and RMR at both inter- and intraspecific levels. Interpretation of the evidence for particular energy management models is enhanced by also considering the energy spent specifically on costly activities (activity energy expenditure [AEE] = DEE − RMR). However, to date there have been few intraspecific studies investigating such patterns. Our aim was to determine whether there is a generality of intraspecific relationships among RMR, DEE, and AEE using long-term data sets for bird and mammal species. For mammals, we use minimum heart rate (fH), mean fH, and activity fH as qualitative proxies for RMR, DEE, and AEE, respectively. For the birds, we take advantage of calibration equations to convert fH into rate of oxygen consumption in order to provide quantitative proxies for RMR, DEE, and AEE. For all 11 species, the DEE proxy was significantly positively correlated with the RMR proxy. There was also evidence of a significant positive correlation between AEE and RMR in all four mammal species but only in some of the bird species. Our results indicate there is no universal rule for birds and mammals governing the relationships among RMR, AEE, and DEE. Furthermore, they suggest that birds tend to have a different strategy for managing their energy budgets from those of mammals and that there are also differences in strategy between bird species. Future work in laboratory settings or highly controlled field settings can tease out the environmental and physiological processes contributing to variation in energy management strategies exhibited by different species. |
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388 |
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ISSN |
1522-2152 |
ISBN |
1522-2152 |
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yes |
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Serial |
7300 |
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Author |
Claudio A. González-Wevar, Mathias Hüne, Sebastián Rosenfeld, Thomas Saucède, Jean-Pierre Féral, Andrés Mansilla, Elie Poulin |
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Title |
Patterns of genetic diversity and structure in Antarctic and sub-Antarctic Nacella (Patellogastropoda: Nacellidae) species |
Type |
Journal |
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Year |
2016 |
Publication |
Biodiversity |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
17 |
Issue |
1-2 |
Pages |
46-55 |
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Keywords |
Antarctic Circumpolar Current biogeography Last Glacial Maximum Nacella phylogeography Southern Ocean |
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Abstract |
The biogeography of the Southern Ocean reflects complex interactions between major macro-evolutionary forces and biotic elements. Major gateway openings, the establishment of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and climate cooling are deeply connected to the composition, abundance and distribution of the Southern Ocean marine benthic fauna. Glacial episodes of the Quaternary heavily impacted the distribution of the genetic variation of the Southern Ocean biota. The genus Nacella includes 12 nominal species in different provinces of the Southern Ocean. In this study, we compared patterns of mitochondrial DNA diversity in three Nacella species from Antarctic Peninsula, Kerguelen Island and Patagonia. Low levels of genetic diversity and absence of genetic structure characterise each one of them showing the strong impact of ice advances and retreats over their respective demographics. Haplotype diversity, short genealogies and demographic inference recorded suggest the occurrence of a more dramatic demographic process in Antarctic Peninsula than in the sub-Antarctic. |
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1044 |
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ISSN |
1488-8386 |
ISBN |
1488-8386 |
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yes |
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Serial |
6700 |
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Author |
Peter Baas, Bas J. H. van de Wiel, Erik van Meijgaard, Etienne Vignon, Christophe Genthon, Steven J. A. van der Linden, Stephan R. de Roode |
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Title |
Transitions in the wintertime near-surface temperature inversion at Dome C, Antarctica |
Type |
Journal |
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Year |
2019 |
Publication |
Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
145 |
Issue |
720 |
Pages |
930-946 |
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Keywords |
Antarctic atmosphere observational data analysis regime transition single-column model stable boundary layer |
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Abstract |
In this work we study the dynamics of the surface-based temperature inversion over the Antarctic Plateau during the polar winter. Using 6 years of observations from the French–Italian Antarctic station Concordia at Dome C, we investigate sudden regime transitions in the strength of the near-surface temperature inversion. Here we define “near-surface” as being within the domain of the 45-m measuring tower. In particular, we consider the strongly nonlinear relation between the 10-m inversion strength (T10m – Ts) and the 10-m wind speed. To this end, all individual events for which the 10-m inversion strength increases or decreases continuously by more than 15 K in time are considered. Composite time series and vertical profiles of wind and temperature reveal specific characteristics of the transition from weak to very strong inversions and vice versa. In contrast to midlatitudes, the largest variations in temperature are not found at the surface but at a height of 10 m. A similar analysis was performed on results from an atmospheric single-column model (SCM). Overall, the SCM results reproduce the observed characteristics of the transitions in the near-surface inversion remarkably well. Using model output, the underlying mechanisms of the regime transitions are identified. The nonlinear relation between inversion strength and wind speed at a given level is explained by variations in the geostrophic wind speed, changes in the depth of the turbulent layer and the vertical divergence of turbulent fluxes. Moreover, the transitions between different boundary layer regimes cannot be explained without considering the contribution of subsidence heating. |
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1013 |
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ISSN |
1477-870X |
ISBN |
1477-870X |
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yes |
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Serial |
7521 |
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Martin Bulla, Mihai Valcu, Adriaan M. Dokter, Alexei G. Dondua, András Kosztolányi, Anne L. Rutten, Barbara Helm, Brett K. Sandercock, Bruce Casler, Bruno J. Ens, Caleb S. Spiegel, Chris J. Hassell, Clemens Küpper, Clive Minton, Daniel Burgas, David B. Lank, David C. Payer, Egor Y. Loktionov, Erica Nol, Eunbi Kwon, Fletcher Smith, H. River Gates, Hana Vitnerová, Hanna Prüter, James A. Johnson, James J. H. St Clair, Jean-François Lamarre, Jennie Rausch, Jeroen Reneerkens, Jesse R. Conklin, Joanna Burger, Joe Liebezeit, Joël Bêty, Jonathan T. Coleman, Jordi Figuerola, Jos C. E. W. Hooijmeijer, José A. Alves, Joseph A. M. Smith, Karel Weidinger, Kari Koivula, Ken Gosbell, Klaus-Michael Exo, Larry Niles, Laura Koloski, Laura McKinnon, Libor Praus, Marcel Klaassen, Marie-Andrée Giroux, Martin Sládeček, Megan L. Boldenow, Michael I. Goldstein, Miroslav Šálek, Nathan Senner, Nelli Rönkä, Nicolas Lecomte, Olivier Gilg, Orsolya Vincze, Oscar W. Johnson, Paul A. Smith, Paul F. Woodard, Pavel S. Tomkovich, Phil F. Battley, Rebecca Bentzen, Richard B. Lanctot, Ron Porter, Sarah T. Saalfeld, Scott Freeman, Stephen C. Brown, Stephen Yezerinac, Tamás Székely, Tomás Montalvo, Theunis Piersma, Vanessa Loverti, Veli-Matti Pakanen, Wim Tijsen, Bart Kempenaers |
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Title |
Unexpected diversity in socially synchronized rhythms of shorebirds |
Type |
Journal |
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Year |
2016 |
Publication |
Nature |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
540 |
Issue |
7631 |
Pages |
109-113 |
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Abstract |
The behavioural rhythms of organisms are thought to be under strong selection, influenced by the rhythmicity of the environment1,2,3,4. Such behavioural rhythms are well studied in isolated individuals under laboratory conditions1,5, but free-living individuals have to temporally synchronize their activities with those of others, including potential mates, competitors, prey and predators6,7,8,9,10. Individuals can temporally segregate their daily activities (for example, prey avoiding predators, subordinates avoiding dominants) or synchronize their activities (for example, group foraging, communal defence, pairs reproducing or caring for offspring)6,7,8,9,11. The behavioural rhythms that emerge from such social synchronization and the underlying evolutionary and ecological drivers that shape them remain poorly understood5,6,7,9. Here we investigate these rhythms in the context of biparental care, a particularly sensitive phase of social synchronization12 where pair members potentially compromise their individual rhythms. Using data from 729 nests of 91 populations of 32 biparentally incubating shorebird species, where parents synchronize to achieve continuous coverage of developing eggs, we report remarkable within- and between-species diversity in incubation rhythms. Between species, the median length of one parent’s incubation bout varied from 1–19 h, whereas period length—the time in which a parent’s probability to incubate cycles once between its highest and lowest value—varied from 6–43 h. The length of incubation bouts was unrelated to variables reflecting energetic demands, but species relying on crypsis (the ability to avoid detection by other animals) had longer incubation bouts than those that are readily visible or who actively protect their nest against predators. Rhythms entrainable to the 24-h light–dark cycle were less prevalent at high latitudes and absent in 18 species. Our results indicate that even under similar environmental conditions and despite 24-h environmental cues, social synchronization can generate far more diverse behavioural rhythms than expected from studies of individuals in captivity5,6,7,9. The risk of predation, not the risk of starvation, may be a key factor underlying the diversity in these rhythms. |
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1036 |
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1476-4687 |
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1476-4687 |
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yes |
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7307 |
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Author |
Hanqin Tian, Rongting Xu, Josep G. Canadell, Rona L. Thompson, Wilfried Winiwarter, Parvadha Suntharalingam, Eric A. Davidson, Philippe Ciais, Robert B. Jackson, Greet Janssens-Maenhout, Michael J. Prather, Pierre Regnier, Naiqing Pan, Shufen Pan, Glen P. Peters, Hao Shi, Francesco N. Tubiello, Sönke Zaehle, Feng Zhou, Almut Arneth, Gianna Battaglia, Sarah Berthet, Laurent Bopp, Alexander F. Bouwman, Erik T. Buitenhuis, Jinfeng Chang, Martyn P. Chipperfield, Shree R. S. Dangal, Edward Dlugokencky, James W. Elkins, Bradley D. Eyre, Bojie Fu, Bradley Hall, Akihiko Ito, Fortunat Joos, Paul B. Krummel, Angela Landolfi, Goulven G. Laruelle, Ronny Lauerwald, Wei Li, Sebastian Lienert, Taylor Maavara, Michael MacLeod, Dylan B. Millet, Stefan Olin, Prabir K. Patra, Ronald G. Prinn, Peter A. Raymond, Daniel J. Ruiz, Guido R. van der Werf, Nicolas Vuichard, Junjie Wang, Ray F. Weiss, Kelley C. Wells, Chris Wilson, Jia Yang, Yuanzhi Yao |
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Title |
A comprehensive quantification of global nitrous oxide sources and sinks |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Nature |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
586 |
Issue |
7828 |
Pages |
248-256 |
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Abstract |
Nitrous oxide (N2O), like carbon dioxide, is a long-lived greenhouse gas that accumulates in the atmosphere. Over the past 150 years, increasing atmospheric N2O concentrations have contributed to stratospheric ozone depletion1 and climate change2, with the current rate of increase estimated at 2 per cent per decade. Existing national inventories do not provide a full picture of N2O emissions, owing to their omission of natural sources and limitations in methodology for attributing anthropogenic sources. Here we present a global N2O inventory that incorporates both natural and anthropogenic sources and accounts for the interaction between nitrogen additions and the biochemical processes that control N2O emissions. We use bottom-up (inventory, statistical extrapolation of flux measurements, process-based land and ocean modelling) and top-down (atmospheric inversion) approaches to provide a comprehensive quantification of global N2O sources and sinks resulting from 21 natural and human sectors between 1980 and 2016. Global N2O emissions were 17.0 (minimum–maximum estimates: 12.2–23.5) teragrams of nitrogen per year (bottom-up) and 16.9 (15.9–17.7) teragrams of nitrogen per year (top-down) between 2007 and 2016. Global human-induced emissions, which are dominated by nitrogen additions to croplands, increased by 30% over the past four decades to 7.3 (4.2–11.4) teragrams of nitrogen per year. This increase was mainly responsible for the growth in the atmospheric burden. Our findings point to growing N2O emissions in emerging economies—particularly Brazil, China and India. Analysis of process-based model estimates reveals an emerging N2O–climate feedback resulting from interactions between nitrogen additions and climate change. The recent growth in N2O emissions exceeds some of the highest projected emission scenarios3,4, underscoring the urgency to mitigate N2O emissions. |
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416 |
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1476-4687 |
ISBN |
1476-4687 |
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yes |
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Serial |
7968 |
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Author |
D. Laffly, É Bernard, M. Griselin, F. Tolle, J.-M. Friedt, G. Martin, C. Marlin |
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Title |
High temporal resolution monitoring of snow cover using oblique view ground-based pictures |
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Journal |
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Year |
2012 |
Publication |
Polar Record |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
48 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
11-16 |
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Due to poor weather conditions including common heavy cloud cover at polar latitudes, daily satellite imaging is not always accessible. Nevertheless, fast events including heavy rainfall inducing floods appear as significant in the ice and snow budget while being ignored by satellite based studies since the slower sampling rate is unable to observe such short phenomena. We complement satellite imagery with a set of ground based autonomous automated high resolution digital cameras. The recorded oblique views, acquired at a rate of 3 images per day, are processed for comparison with the spaceborne imagery. Delaunay triangulation based mapping using a dense set of reference points provides the means for an accurate projection by applying a rubber sheeting algorithm. The measurement strategy of identifying binary information of ice and snow cover is illustrated through the example of a particular flood event. We observe a snow cover evolution from 100% to 44.5% and back to 100% over a period of 2 weeks. |
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1475-3057, 0032-2474 |
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1475-3057, 0032-2474 |
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6967 |
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Author |
J.-M. Friedt, F. Tolle, É Bernard, M. Griselin, D. Laffly, C. Marlin |
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Assessing the relevance of digital elevation models to evaluate glacier mass balance: application to Austre Lovénbreen (Spitsbergen, 79°N) |
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2012 |
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Polar Record |
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48 |
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1 |
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2-10 |
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The volume variation of a glacier is the actual indicator of long term and short term evolution of the glacier behaviour. In order to assess the volume evolution of the Austre Lovénbreen (79° N) over the last 47 years, we used multiple historical datasets, complemented with our high density GPS tracks acquired in 2007 and 2010. The improved altitude resolution of recent measurement techniques, including phase corrected GPS and LiDAR, reduces the time interval between datasets used for volume subtraction in order to compute the mass balance. We estimate the sub-metre elevation accuracy of most recent measurement techniques to be sufficient to record ice thickness evolutions occurring over a 3 year duration at polar latitudes.The systematic discrepancy between ablation stake measurements and DEM analysis, widely reported in the literature as well as in the current study, yields new questions concerning the similarity and relationship between these two measurement methods.The use of Digital Elevation Model (DEM) has been an attractive alternative measurement technique to estimate glacier area and volume evolution over time with respect to the classical in situ measurement techniques based on ablation stakes. With the availability of historical datasets, whether from ground based maps, aerial photography or satellite data acquisition, such a glacier volume estimate strategy allows for the extension of the analysis duration beyond the current research programmes. Furthermore, these methods do provide a continuous spatial coverage defined by its cell size whereas interpolations based on a limited number of stakes display large spatial uncertainties. In this document, we focus on estimating the altitude accuracy of various datasets acquired between 1962 and 2010, using various techniques ranging from topographic maps to dual frequency skidoo-tracked GPS receivers and the classical aerial and satellite photogrammetric techniques. |
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1475-3057, 0032-2474 |
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1475-3057, 0032-2474 |
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yes |
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6968 |
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