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Author |
Lucie A. Malard, Benoit Bergk-Pinto, Rose Layton, Timothy M. Vogel, Catherine Larose, David A. Pearce |
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Title |
Snow Microorganisms Colonise Arctic Soils Following Snow Melt |
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Year |
2023 |
Publication |
Microbial Ecology |
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Keywords |
Airborne dispersal Arctic ecosystems Bacterial diversity Coalescence Microbial colonisation Snow Soils |
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Abstract |
Arctic soils are constantly subjected to microbial invasion from either airborne, marine, or animal sources, which may impact local microbial communities and ecosystem functioning. However, in winter, Arctic soils are isolated from outside sources other than snow, which is the sole source of microorganisms. Successful colonisation of soil by snow microorganisms depends on the ability to survive and compete of both, the invading and resident community. Using shallow shotgun metagenome sequencing and amplicon sequencing, this study monitored snow and soil microbial communities throughout snow melt to investigate the colonisation process of Arctic soils. Microbial colonisation likely occurred as all the characteristics of successful colonisation were observed. The colonising microorganisms originating from the snow were already adapted to the local environmental conditions and were subsequently subjected to many similar conditions in the Arctic soil. Furthermore, competition-related genes (e.g. motility and virulence) increased in snow samples as the snow melted. Overall, one hundred potentially successful colonisers were identified in the soil and, thus, demonstrated the deposition and growth of snow microorganisms in soils during melt. |
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1192 |
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1432-184X |
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yes |
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8552 |
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Author |
Floriane Provost, Dimitri Zigone, Emmanuel Le Meur, Jean-Philippe Malet, Clément Hibert |
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Title |
Surface dynamics and history of the calving cycle of the Astrolabe glacier (Antarctica) derived from optical imagery |
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Year |
2023 |
Publication |
EGUsphere |
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1-17 |
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The recent calving of the Astrolabe glacier (Terre Adélie, East Antarctica) in November 2021 presents an opportunity to better understand the processes leading to ice fracturing. Optical satellite imagery is used to retrieve the calving cycle of the glacier since 2000 by mapping the ice front location. A recent archive of high resolution optical images from Sentinel-2 is used to measure the ice motion and the ice strain rates for the period 2017–2021 in order to document fractures and rift evolution. These observations are compared with sea ice extent and concentration measurements. We found that a significant change in the sea ice melting periodicity at the vicinity of the Astrolabe glacier occurred in the last decade (2011–2021) with respect to previous observations (1979–2011). After 2011, the occurrence of consecutive years of high sea-ice concentration at the vicinity of the glacier seems to have favored the ice tongue spatial extension. This lead to an unprecedentedly observed extension of the ice tongue until November 2021. The analysis of strain rate time series revealed that the glacier dislocated suddenly in June 2021 in the middle of the winter before releasing an iceberg of around 20 km2 in November 2021 at the onset of sea ice melting season. These observations suggest that although the presence of sea ice favors glacier extension, its buttressing effect may not be sufficient to prevent fracture opening. |
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411 |
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yes |
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8553 |
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Author |
Christophe Barbraud, Dominique Joubert, Karine Delord |
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Title |
The demography of the White-headed Petrel at Mayes Island, Kerguelen |
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Year |
2023 |
Publication |
Journal of Ornithology |
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Keywords |
Adult survival Breeding Capture-mark-recapture Population growth rate Pterodroma lessonii Seabird |
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Abstract |
The demography and factors affecting the population dynamics of gadfly petrels (Pterodroma spp.) remain poorly known, although they constitute the most diverse genus of Procellariiformes and many species are threaten. Using a long-term individual monitoring dataset over 35 years, this study provides estimates of state-specific demographic parameters of the White-headed Petrel (Pterodroma lessonii) from Mayes Island, Kerguelen archipelago, and tests for the effects of environmental factors. Age at first breeding was 8.7 ± 2.6 years and apparent adult annual survival was 0.941 ± 0.058. Annual breeding probability was 0.356 ± 0.036 for successful breeders and 0.988 ± 0.054 for individuals that took a sabbatical year after a successful breeding event. Successful breeders that bred during two consecutive years had a lower breeding success (0.574 ± 0.048) that individuals that bred after a sabbatical year (0.655 ± 0.036). The realized population growth rate (1.073 ± 0.011) suggested that the population is increasing. There was a slight evidence for a positive effect of the Southern Annular Mode on the breeding probability of successful breeders, but no effect of sea surface temperature, chlorophyll a or wind was detected on demographic parameters. This study revealed that White-headed Petrels had a particularly high adult survival coherent with a quasi-biennial strategy and late age at first breeding. According to life history theory, populations of White-headed Petrel are thus likely to be very sensitive to small variations in adult survival, and anthropogenic factors causing additive mortality such as introduced predators will constitute serious threats for this species. |
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109 |
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2193-7206 |
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yes |
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8554 |
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Author |
Sophie Musset, Karl-Ludwig Klein, Nicolas Fuller, Gaelle Khreich, Antonin Wargnier |
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Title |
The time profile of relativistic solar particle events as observed by neutron monitors |
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Year |
2023 |
Publication |
Journal of Space Weather and Space Climate |
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Volume |
13 |
Issue |
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Pages |
15 |
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Abstract |
The most energetic particles accelerated in solar eruptive events are protons and nuclei with energies that may reach a few tens of GeV. They can be detected on the Earth through the secondaries they produce when interacting with the atmosphere. Solar energetic particle events where this happens are called Ground-Level Enhancements (GLEs). Their study is relevant on the one hand because the high particle energies pose particularly strong challenges to the understanding of the acceleration processes. On the other hand, the secondary particles constitute a source of radiation in the atmosphere that may temporarily exceed the permanent dose rate from galactic cosmic rays. This makes the monitoring of radiation doses received by aircrew from GLEs one issue of space weather services for civil aviation. This study addresses the time profiles of GLEs, in the search for commonalities that can be used to constrain models of acceleration and propagation and to forecast the evolution of an ongoing event. We investigate historical GLEs (1971–2012) with the worldwide network of neutron monitors, comparing the rise and the decay as observed by the neutron monitor with the strongest response. The sample comprises 23 events. We evaluate statistical correlations between rise time and decay time inferred from fits to the time profiles and compute a normalised median GLE time profile. An empirical correlation reported in earlier work between the observed rise times and decay times of the neutron monitor count rate profiles is confirmed. We find indications of a statistical relationship between the rise times and the parent eruptive activity. We discuss ideas on the mechanisms behind the correlation of rise and decay times and on its usefulness for space weather services. |
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227 |
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2115-7251 |
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yes |
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8555 |
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Andrew D Foote, Alana Alexander, Lisa T Ballance, Rochelle Constantine, Bárbara Galletti Vernazzani Muñoz, Christophe Guinet, Kelly M Robertson, Mikkel-Holger S Sinding, Mariano Sironi, Paul Tixier, John Totterdell, Jared R Towers, Rebecca Wellard, Robert L Pitman, Phillip A Morin |
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Title |
“Type D” killer whale genomes reveal long-term small population size and low genetic diversity |
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Year |
2023 |
Publication |
Journal of Heredity |
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Volume |
114 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
94-109 |
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Abstract |
Genome sequences can reveal the extent of inbreeding in small populations. Here, we present the first genomic characterization of type D killer whales, a distinctive eco/morphotype with a circumpolar, subantarctic distribution. Effective population size is the lowest estimated from any killer whale genome and indicates a severe population bottleneck. Consequently, type D genomes show among the highest level of inbreeding reported for any mammalian species (FROH ≥ 0.65). Detected recombination cross-over events of different haplotypes are up to an order of magnitude rarer than in other killer whale genomes studied to date. Comparison of genomic data from a museum specimen of a type D killer whale that stranded in New Zealand in 1955, with 3 modern genomes from the Cape Horn area, reveals high covariance and identity-by-state of alleles, suggesting these genomic characteristics and demographic history are shared among geographically dispersed social groups within this morphotype. Limitations to the insights gained in this study stem from the nonindependence of the 3 closely related modern genomes, the recent coalescence time of most variation within the genomes, and the nonequilibrium population history which violates the assumptions of many model-based methods. Long-range linkage disequilibrium and extensive runs of homozygosity found in type D genomes provide the potential basis for both the distinctive morphology, and the coupling of genetic barriers to gene flow with other killer whale populations. |
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109 |
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ISSN |
1465-7333 |
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yes |
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Serial |
8557 |
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Guillaume Delpech, James M. Scott, Michel Grégoire, Bertrand N. Moine, Dongxu Li, Jingao Liu, D. Graham Pearson, Quinten H. A. van der Meer, Tod E. Waight, Gilbert Michon, Damien Guillaume, Suzanne Y. O'Reilly, Jean-Yves Cottin, André Giret |
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Title |
The subantarctic lithospheric mantle |
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Year |
2023 |
Publication |
Geological Society, London, Memoirs |
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Volume |
56 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
115-132 |
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Abstract |
We present a summary of peridotite in the Subantarctic (46–60° S) surrounding the Antarctic Plate. Peridotite xenoliths occur on the Kerguelen Islands and Auckland Islands. The Kerguelen Islands are underlain by a plume, whereas the Auckland Islands are part of continental Zealandia, which is a Gondwana-rifted fragment. Small amounts of serpentinized peridotite has been dredged from fracture zones on the Southeast Indian Ridge, Southwest Indian Ridge and Pacific Antarctic Ridge, and represent upwelled asthenosphere accreted to form lithosphere. Suprasubduction-zone peridotite was collected from two locations on the Sandwich Plate. Peridotites from most subantarctic occurrences are moderately to highly depleted, and many show signs of subsequent metasomatic enrichment. Os isotopes indicate that subantarctic continental and oceanic lithospheric mantle contains ancient fragments that underwent depletion long before formation of the overlying crust. |
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1077 |
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yes |
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8612 |
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Melissa L. Grunst, Andrea S. Grunst, David Grémillet, Akiko Kato, Paco Bustamante, Céline Albert, Émile Brisson-Curadeau, Manon Clairbaux, Marta Cruz-Flores, Sophie Gentès, Antoine Grissot, Samuel Perret, Eric Ste-Marie, Dariusz Jakubas, Katarzyna Wojczulanis-Jakubas, Jérôme Fort |
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Title |
A keystone avian predator faces elevated energy expenditure in a warming Arctic |
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Year |
2023 |
Publication |
Ecology |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
104 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
e4034 |
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Keywords |
activity budgets climate change daily energy expenditure dovekie ecotoxicology mercury plasticity sea surface temperature |
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Abstract |
Climate change is transforming bioenergetic landscapes, challenging behavioral and physiological coping mechanisms. A critical question involves whether animals can adjust behavioral patterns and energy expenditure to stabilize fitness given reconfiguration of resource bases, or whether limits to plasticity ultimately compromise energy balance. In the Arctic, rapidly warming temperatures are transforming food webs, making Arctic organisms strong models for understanding biological implications of climate change-related environmental variability. We examined plasticity in the daily energy expenditure (DEE) of an Arctic seabird, the little auk (Alle alle) in response to variability in climate change-sensitive drivers of resource availability, sea surface temperature (SST) and sea ice coverage (SIC), and tested the hypothesis that energetic ceilings and exposure to mercury, an important neurotoxin and endocrine disrupter in marine ecosystems, may limit scope for plasticity. To estimate DEE, we used accelerometer data obtained across years from two colonies exposed to distinct environmental conditions (Ukaleqarteq [UK], East Greenland; Hornsund [HS], Svalbard). We proceeded to model future changes in SST to predict energetic impacts. At UK, high flight costs linked to low SIC and high SST drove DEE from below to above 4 × basal metabolic rate (BMR), a proposed energetic threshold for breeding birds. However, DEE remained below 7 × BMR, an alternative threshold, and did not plateau. Birds at HS experienced higher, relatively invariable SST, and operated above 4 × BMR. Mercury exposure was unrelated to DEE, and fitness remained stable. Thus, plasticity in DEE currently buffers fitness, providing resiliency against climate change. Nevertheless, modeling suggests that continued warming of SST may promote accelerating increases in DEE, which may become unsustainable. |
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388 |
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1939-9170 |
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1939-9170 |
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yes |
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8617 |
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Author |
Melissa L. Grunst, Andrea S. Grunst, David Grémillet, Jérôme Fort |
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Title |
Avian Energetics in a Warming Arctic |
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Year |
2023 |
Publication |
The Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America |
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Volume |
104 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
e2073 |
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Abstract |
The Arctic is warming nearly four times as rapidly as other regions of the planet, challenging the capacity of organisms to cope with shifting resources and maintain thermal balance. Tracking responses of free-living animals in dynamic environments can be challenging, but is increasingly enabled by advanced biologging approaches. We used data gathered from miniaturized bird-borne devices to demonstrate increases in energy expenditure with declining sea ice conditions and warming sea surface temperatures in a dove-sized seabird, the little auk (also named dovekie; Alle alle). This keystone species feeds on sea ice-associated copepods and inhabits large breeding colonies in the High Arctic. |
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388 |
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2327-6096 |
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yes |
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8618 |
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Author |
Nairita Pal, Kristin N. Barton, Mark R. Petersen, Steven R. Brus, Darren Engwirda, Brian K. Arbic, Andrew F. Roberts, Joannes J. Westerink, Damrongsak Wirasaet |
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Title |
Barotropic tides in MPAS-Ocean (E3SM V2): impact of ice shelf cavities |
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Year |
2023 |
Publication |
Geoscientific Model Development |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
16 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
1297-1314 |
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Abstract |
Oceanic tides are seldom represented in Earth system models (ESMs) owing to the need for high horizontal resolution to accurately represent the associated barotropic waves close to coasts. This paper presents results of tides implemented in the Model for Prediction Across Scales–Ocean or MPAS-Ocean, which is the ocean component within the U.S. Department of Energy developed Energy Exascale Earth System Model (E3SM). MPAS-Ocean circumvents the limitation of low resolution using unstructured global meshing. We are at this stage simulating the largest semidiurnal (M2, S2, N2) and diurnal (K1, O1) tidal constituents in a single-layer version of MPAS-O. First, we show that the tidal constituents calculated using MPAS-Ocean closely agree with the results of the global tidal prediction model TPXO8 when suitably tuned topographic wave drag and bottom drag coefficients are employed. Thereafter, we present the sensitivity of global tidal evolution due to the presence of Antarctic ice shelf cavities. The effect of ice shelves on the amplitude and phase of tidal constituents are presented. Lower values of complex errors (with respect to TPXO8 results) for the M2 tidal constituents are observed when the ice shelf is added in the simulations, with particularly strong improvement in the Southern Ocean. Our work points towards future research with varying Antarctic ice shelf geometries and sea ice coupling that might lead to better comparison and prediction of tides and thus better prediction of sea-level rise and also the future climate variability. |
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688 |
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1991-959X |
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yes |
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8619 |
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Priyashkumar Mistry, Kamlesh Pathak, Aniket Prasad, Georgios Lekkas, Surendra Bhattarai, Sarvesh Gharat, Mousam Maity, Dhruv Kumar, Karen A. Collins, Richard P. Schwarz, Christopher R. Mann, Elise Furlan, Steve B. Howell, David Ciardi, Allyson Bieryla, Elisabeth C. Matthews, Erica Gonzales, Carl Ziegler, Ian Crossfield, Steven Giacalone, Thiam-Guan Tan, Phil Evans, Krzysztof G. Hełminiak, Kevin I. Collins, Norio Narita, Akihiko Fukui, Francisco J. Pozuelos, Courtney Dressing, Abderahmane Soubkiou, Zouhair Benkhaldoun, Joshua E. Schlieder, Olga Suarez, Khalid Barkaoui, Enric Palle, Felipe Murgas, Gregor Srdoc, Maria V. Goliguzova, Ivan A. Strakhov, Crystal Gnilka, Kathryn Lester, Colin Littlefield, Nic Scott, Rachel Matson, Michaël Gillon, Emmanuel Jehin, Mathilde Timmermans, Mourad Ghachoui, Lyu Abe, Philippe Bendjoya, Tristan Guillot, Amaury H. M. J. Triaud |
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Title |
VaTEST. II. Statistical Validation of 11 TESS-detected Exoplanets Orbiting K-type Stars |
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Year |
2023 |
Publication |
The Astronomical Journal |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
166 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
9 |
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Abstract |
NASA’s Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) is an all-sky survey mission designed to find transiting exoplanets orbiting nearby bright stars. It has identified more than 329 transiting exoplanets, and almost 6000 candidates remain unvalidated. In this manuscript, we discuss the findings from the ongoing Validation of Transiting Exoplanets using Statistical Tools (VaTEST) project, which aims to validate new exoplanets for further characterization. We validated 11 new exoplanets by examining the light curves of 24 candidates using the LATTE and TESS-Plot tools and computing the false-positive probabilities using the statistical validation tool TRICERATOPS. These include planets suitable for atmospheric characterization using transmission spectroscopy (TOI-2194b), emission spectroscopy (TOI-3082b and TOI-5704b) and for both transmission and emission spectroscopy (TOI-672b, TOI-1694b, and TOI-2443b). Our validated planets have one super-Earth (TOI-2194b) orbiting a bright (V = 8.42 mag), metal-poor ([Fe/H] = −0.3720 ± 0.1) star, and one short-period Neptune-like planet (TOI-5704) in the hot-Neptune desert. In total, we validated one super-Earth, seven sub-Neptunes, one Neptune-like, and two sub-Saturn or super-Neptune-like exoplanets. Additionally, we identify five likely planet candidates (TOI-323, TOI-1180, TOI-2200, TOI-2408, and TOI-3913), which can be further studied to establish their planetary nature. |
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1066 |
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Thesis |
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Publisher |
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Place of Publication |
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Editor |
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Language |
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Summary Language |
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Original Title |
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Series Editor |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
1538-3881 |
ISBN |
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Medium |
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Area |
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Expedition |
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Conference |
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Notes |
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Approved |
yes |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
8621 |
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