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K.-L. Klein |
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Title |
Le rayonnement cosmique, ch. de l'ouvrage “L'astronomie au service de tous”, IMCCE/CNRS |
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2009 |
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88 |
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Public outreach: elementary description of cosmic rays and the role played by the neutron monitors at Terre Adélie and Kerguelen Islands |
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5863 |
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JJ. Leveque, A. Maggi, A. Delladio, J. Burdin, JY. Thore, A. Morelli |
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ConCorDia: a new, permanent seismological station in Antarctica. EGU General Assembly, Vienna, 2008 |
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2008 |
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European Geophysical Society
Concordia (Dome C) is the site of a permanent seismic observatory station, CCD,
which has been running since 2005. The station is placed 1 km away from the inhabited
part of the base, and consists of a vault at 12 m below snow level and a shelter on
the surface. While the acquisition electronics operate at temperate conditions (0-20C)
in the shelter, the seismometers are placed in the vault at a stable temperature of -60C,
well below design specifications.
Our first policy was to run the seismometers (two Streckeisen STS-2s) at this temperature,
because heating induces small variations in temperature that in turn add noise to
the seismic signals. This policy led to a first difficulty in re-centering the instruments
at temperatures below -45C, resulting in poorly centered seismometers at the steady
state temperature of -60C. Secondly, and more importantly, the signal – of good quality
during the first few weeks/months – ultimately degraded and became useless (spurious
and frequent oscillations and spikes of unknown origin).
As of 2007, we have relaxed our no-heating policy, and are heating one of the two instruments.
In order to avoid convection which is the most likely source of temperature
perturbation, we installed our heating elements at the top of the volume in order to create
a stable stratified temperature gradient. The temperature at the base of the heated
STS-2 is now -30C. It seems, from the information we currently have available, that
the heated seismometer performs much better. We shall present a more detailed analysis
of the data from the heated and unheated systems, based on the complete 2007
dataset. |
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5864 |
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Leveque JJ, Wittlinger G, Maggi A. |
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Title |
The ice-layer in Antarctica : preliminary results from seismology, AGU Fall Meeting, San Francisco |
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2009 |
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EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union |
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906 |
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5865 |
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Author |
Souriau A, Leveque JJ, Maggi A |
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Title |
Seismological constraints on ice properties at Dome C, Antarctica, from H/V measurements, AGU Fall Meeting, San Francisco. |
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Conference - International - Poster |
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2009 |
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EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union |
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906 |
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5866 |
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C. Dégletagne, B. Rey, C. Keime, J. Pequignot, D. Roussel, JL. Rouanet et C. Duchamp |
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Title |
Adaptations anti radicalaires lors du passage en mer chez le juvénile de manchot royal. |
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Conference - National - Poster |
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2008 |
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CNFRA – 23-24 octobre 2008 – Les manchots ont colonisé les écosystèmes froids de l’hémisphère sud en développant des processus adaptatifs dont la compréhension demeure encore imparfaite. Le manchot royal, inféodé aux régions subantarctiques, possède un cycle de vie particulier puisque les poussins sont strictement terrestres durant les 12 à 14 mois qui suivent l’éclosion. À l’issue de cette phase de croissance, ils doivent affronter une étape déterminante dans leur cycle de vie : assurer le passage entre la vie terrestre et la vie aquatique dans l’océan austral afin d’acquérir leur autonomie nutritionnelle. La survie des juvéniles est alors directement dépendante de leurs capacités d’adaptation aux contraintes énergétiques : 1/ de l’environnement thermique très défavorable au maintien de l’homéothermie (forte conductivité thermique de l’eau conjuguée à de faibles températures de l’océan ~ 4°C), 2/ de la distance des ressources alimentaires imposant des voyages de plusieurs centaines de kilomètres en mer, 3/ de la stratégie de pêche de ces prédateurs lors de plongées répétées, profondes (~ 250m) et prolongées (~7min), induisant des hypoxies tissulaires intermittentes. Le muscle pectoral, très impliqué dans la locomotion et l'activité thermogène, est particulièrement sollicité au cours de cette transition. La vie en milieu aquatique doit probablement augmenter le métabolisme musculaire (thermogenèse) et modifier la disponibilité en oxygène (hypoxie/réoxygénation), créant des conditions favorisant la production de dérivés réactifs de l’oxygène (ROS). Une production excessive de ROS dans les cellules altère les macromolécules telles que l’ADN, les lipides ou les protéines, favorisant l’apparition de maladies métaboliques et accentuant le processus de vieillissement. Les mécanismes de défenses anti-oxydants potentiellement développés par le manchot royal lors de cette étape cruciale que représente son premier passage dans le milieu marin n'ont jamais été explorés.
Pour élucider ces processus, nous avons recherché des variations du transcriptome en appliquant une technologie de puces à ADN. Des biopsies musculaires ont été prélevées chez des juvéniles de manchot royal avant et après acclimatation naturelle au milieu marin. Les ARN tissulaires ont été extraits et hybridés après transcription inverse et marquage sur des puces à ADN de poulet (Affymetrix). Un nouvel algorithme d'analyse des puces utilisées en condition d'hybridation hétérologue a été développé.
Nos résultats montrent que l’acclimatation au milieu marin augmente l’expression des gènes codant pour des enzymes impliquées 1) dans la lutte contre les radicaux libres de l’oxygène (SOD, catalase, GPx) et 2) dans la détection, la réparation ou la détection des dégâts induits par ces dérivés oxygénés. Ces résultats sont confirmés par des approches biochimiques mettant en évidence une augmentation de l’activité des principales enzymes anti-oxydantes après acclimatation au milieu marin.
Cette étude montre que les capacités anti-oxydantes musculaires sont fortement accrues lors du passage en mer. Cette adaptation, visant à éliminer les molécules produites et à limiter les dégâts cellulaires potentiels, peut être essentielle à la survie des manchots lors du passage en mer. Ces mécanismes des défenses antiradicalaires peuvent contribuer à la formidable longévité des manchots qui passent pourtant l'essentiel de leur vie dans un environnement pro oxydant. L'élucidation des mécanismes permettant le développement naturel de tels mécanismes anti-oxydants chez le manchot royal, et par extension chez les espèces d'oiseaux plongeurs, lors du premier passage de la vie terrestre à la vie marine pourrait permettre de mieux comprendre des pathologies où les défenses antiradicalaires cellulaires se révèlent insuffisantes. |
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5871 |
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Cyril Dégletagne, Benjamin Rey, Céline Keime, Marc de Dinechin, Jean Louis Rouanet, Damien Roussel, Claude Duchamp |
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Transcriptional analysis of skeletal muscle adaptations to marine life in king penguin juveniles (Aptenodytes patagonicus). |
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Conference - International - Communication |
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2009 |
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Experimental Biology – New Orleans – 18-22 avril 2009 |
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5872 |
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GRISELIN M., MARLIN Ch., LAFFLY D., BERNARD E., DELANGLE E., FRIEDT J-M., SCHWAMBORN G. et TOLLE F. |
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Hydro-glaciology research on the Austre Lovénbreen since the 60s to the last IPY |
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Conference - International - Communication |
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2009 |
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Pan-Svalbard Cooperation Workshop, Svalbard Science Forum, Longyearbyen, Hornsund, Barentsburg, Ny Alesund, 17-22 aout 2009, (conférencier invité).
abstract
Since the 60s, French Scientists undertook research in the Kongsfjord area. They survey the Austre Lovénbreen through hydrological balance.
In the framework of the IPY program “Hydro-Sensor-FLOWS”, focused on the study of the response of the Austre Lovenbreen glacier to climate conditions, we analysed the longest meteorological data time-series available for this area (1969-2008), recorded at Ny Alesund (79°N).
The mean annual temperature increased of 2°C in 40 years and the annual amount of precipitation increased of 74 mm with a gradient of +2 mm/year. But what is hidden behind these global data?
The annual air temperature of the last 10 years (1998-2008) is always above the long-term mean (1969-1999). We demonstrate that the increase of the air temperature is more linked to an increase of the temperature during the cold period than to an increase of the temperature during the summer time. Moreover, the analysis of daily data shows that the positive trend of the air temperature is related by an increase of the number of warm events during the cold periods, that is the most specific change in the present-day climate, compared to the beginning of the observed period, i.e the 70s.
To follows the reaction of the glacier to the recent climate change, we analysed front position and volume variation through aerial photos, maps ands DEM.
In surface, the glacier loss in surface is 3 more important than for the period 1995-2007 (31 years), while in the loss in volume is 2.3 more important the last 12 years (1995-2007). In 2007, the Austre Lovénbreen represents 66% of its 1964 volume and 80% of its 1995 volume.
As a conclusion, the global annual variation of the air temperature and precipitation does not give an accurate idea of the climate evolution, as well as the response of the glacier, deduced from the front position, does not give any precise information of the past climate change. The exemple of the flood event of last fall shows how climate parameters and the glacier responses are linked and how the survey at local scale with a very small time step can highlight the actual interaction between climate change and glacier response. |
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5875 |
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GRISELIN M., MARLIN Ch., LAFFLY D., BERNARD E., DELANGLE E., FRIEDT J-M., SCHWAMBORN G. et TOLLE F. |
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Recent climate change observed in Svalbard since fourty years in Ny Alesund (79°N) |
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2009 |
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MOCA 09, Our warming Planet, Joint assembly, symposium J01 Observations of High Latitude Climate Change, Montréal, 19-29 juillet 2009
abstract
In the framework of the IPY program “Hydro-Sensor-FLOWS”, focused on the study of the response of the Loven East glacier to climate conditions, we analysed the longest meteorological data time-series available for this area (1969-2008), recorded at Ny Alesund (79°N).
The mean annual temperature increased of 2°C in 40 years and the annual amount of precipitation increased of 74 mm with a gradient of +2 mm/year. But what is hidden behind these global data?
The annual air temperature of the last 10 years (1998-2008) is always above the long-term mean (1969-1999). We demonstrate that the increase of the air temperature is more linked to an increase of the temperature during the cold period than to an increase of the temperature during the summer time. Moreover, the analysis of daily data shows that the positive trend of the air temperature is related by an increase of the number of warm events during the cold periods, that is the most specific change in the present-day climate, compared to the beginning of the observed period, i.e the 70s.
As a conclusion, the global annual variation of the air temperature and precipitation does not give an accurate idea of the climate evolution, as well as the response of the glacier, deduced from the front position, does not give any precise information of the past climate change. This will show how a survey at a local scale with a very small time step can highlight the actual interaction between climate change and glacier response. |
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5877 |
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MARLIN Ch., GRISELIN M., BERNARD E., DELANGLE E., LAFFLY D., FRIEDT J-M |
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Impact of climate conditions on the hydrological response of a polar glacier system – Austrelovénbreen – Svalbard |
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2009 |
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MOCA 09, Our warming Planet, Joint assembly, symposium J15 High Latitude Terrestrial Processes : Hydrology and Interactions with the Atmosphere, Montréal, 19-29 juilet 2009
abstract
The Brogger peninsula glaciers in Svalbard (79°N) as well as many glaciers in North hemisphere have been shrinking since the end of the Little Ice Age. The actual impact of recent climate change on the hydrology upon those glaciers is not clearly established in many cases. The objective of this work is to study the hydrological response of a river system flowing from a small Arctic glacier (10 km2) facing to climate conditions. The monitoring of the Austre Lovenbreen glacier basin was undertaken since 2007 (IPY program 16). The sensibility of the glacier system to climate has been approached by studying the hourly hydrological-climatic data obtained for two successive, different hydrological years: 2006-2007 had a dry and warm summer while 2007-2008 was colder, snowy and rainy (end of the summer).
The flow-rate data obtained at the main outlet of the basin indicate the total summer runoff is strongly dependent on some climate events. The runoff during the summer 2006-2007 was controlled by the air temperature. A high air temperature (>8°C) period was recorded and has led to a large thawing of snow/ice on the glacier. During 2007-2008 the flow-rate was low due to low air temperature. By the end of the summer, a rainy and warm 8-day event occurred during which 25% of the total rainfall fell down, contributing to 40% of the total summer runoff.
Combined to the decreasing trend in the snow cover height with time, the occurrence of warm, rainy events appears alarming for the Arctic glaciers. |
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5878 |
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BERNARD E., TOLLE F., GRISELIN M., LAFFLY D. et MARLIN Ch. |
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Quantification des hauteurs de neige et des températures de l'air à la surface d'un glacier : du terrain à l'interpolation, confrontation de méthodes |
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Conference - International - Article with Reading Comitee |
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2009 |
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9es Rencontres de ThéoQuant, Besançon, 4-6 mars 2009
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