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Vicars William. (2013). Constraining the propagation of the 17Oexcess (cap17O) of ozone in the troposphere: Towards a quantitative interpretation of the oxygen isotopic composition of atmospheric nitrate.
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Viblanc, V., Valette, V., Malosse, N. & Groscolas, R. (2007). Social stress in a colonial seabird: heart rate response of breeding penguins to their aggressive conspecifics. 7th International Penguin Conference. Boston, USA, Août 2010..
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Viblanc, V., Saraux, C., Malosse, N. & Groscolas, R. (2010). Breeding in a crowed place! physiological and behavioural adaptations to fasting in courting and incubating penguins. 7th International Penguin Conference. Boston, USA, Août 2010..
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Viblanc, V., Saraux, C., Malosse, N. & Groscolas, R. (2010). Stop pushing, I’m breeding : physiological and behavioural adaptations to fasting in courting and incubating penguins. 1st International Seabird Conference. Vancouver, Canada, Août 2010..
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Viblanc, V., Mathien, A., Viera, V. & Groscolas, R. (2010). Comfort behaviour in king penguins : what does energy tell us ? 1st International Seabird Conference, Vancouver, Canada, Août 2010..
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Viblanc, V., Mathien, A. & Groscolas, R. (2009). Comfort behaviour incurs substantial energy cost in breeding-fasting king penguins, Aptenodytes patagonicus. 7th European Ornithologists’ Union Conference. Zurich, 21-26 août 2009..
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Viblanc VincentA, Gineste Benoit, Stier Antoine, Robin Jean-Patrice, Groscolas René, . (2014). Stress hormones in relation to breeding status and territory location in colonial king penguin: a role for social density?
. Oecologia, 175(3), 763–772-.
Abstract: Because glucocorticoid (stress) hormones fundamentally affect various aspects of the behaviour, life history and fitness of free-living vertebrates, there is a need to understand the environmental factors shaping their variation in natural populations. Here, we examined whether spatial heterogeneity in breeding territory quality affected the stress of colonial king penguin (Aptenodytes patagonicus). We assessed the effects of local climate (wind, sun and ambient temperature) and social conditions (number of neighbours, distance to neighbours) on the baseline levels of plasma total corticosterone (CORT) in 77 incubating and 42 chick-brooding birds, breeding on territories of central or peripheral colony location. We also assessed the oxidative stress status of a sub-sample of central vs. peripheral chick-brooders to determine whether chronic stress arose from breeding on specific territories. On average, we found that brooders had 55 % higher CORT levels than incubators. Regardless of breeding status, central birds experienced greater social density (higher number of neighbours, shorter distance between territories) and had higher CORT levels than peripheral birds. Increasing social density positively explained 40 % of the variation in CORT levels of both incubators and brooders, but the effect was more pronounced in brooders. In contrast, climate was similar among breeding territories and did not significantly affect the CORT levels of breeding birds. In brooders, oxidative stress status was not affected by local density or weather conditions. These results highlight that local heterogeneity in breeding (including social) conditions may strongly affect the stress levels of breeding seabirds. The fitness consequences of such variation remain to be investigated.
Keywords: Coloniality, Corticosterone, Crowding, Population density, Glucocorticoids, Oxidative stress, Seabird, Stress, Territory location,
Programme: 119
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Viblanc Vincent, Smith Andrew, Gineste Benoit, Groscolas Rene, . (2012). Coping with continuous human disturbance in the wild: insights from penguin heart rate response to various stressors
. BMC Ecology, 12(1), 10–.
Abstract: BACKGROUND:A central question for ecologists is the extent to which anthropogenic disturbances (e.g. tourism) might impact wildlife and affect the systems under study. From a research perspective, identifying the effects of human disturbance caused by research-related activities is crucial in order to understand and account for potential biases and derive appropriate conclusions from the data.RESULTS:Here, we document a case of biological adjustment to chronic human disturbance in a colonial seabird, the king penguin (Aptenodytes patagonicus), breeding on remote and protected islands of the Southern ocean. Using heart rate (HR) as a measure of the stress response, we show that, in a colony with areas exposed to the continuous presence of humans (including scientists) for over 50years, penguins have adjusted to human disturbance and habituated to certain, but not all, types of stressors. When compared to birds breeding in relatively undisturbed areas, birds in areas of high chronic human disturbance were found to exhibit attenuated HR responses to acute anthropogenic stressors of low-intensity (i.e. sounds or human approaches) to which they had been subjected intensely over the years. However, such attenuation was not apparent for high-intensity stressors (i.e. captures for scientific research) which only a few individuals experience each year.CONCLUSIONS:Habituation to anthropogenic sounds/approaches could be an adaptation to deal with chronic innocuous stressors, and beneficial from a research perspective. Alternately, whether penguins have actually habituated to anthropogenic disturbances over time or whether human presence has driven the directional selection of human-tolerant phenotypes, remains an open question with profound ecological and conservation implications, and emphasizes the need for more knowledge on the effects of human disturbance on long-term studied populations.
Programme: 119
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Viblanc Vincent A, Valette Victorien, Kauffmann Marion, Malosse Nelly, Groscolas René, . (2012). Coping with social stress: heart rate responses to agonistic interactions in king penguins
. Behavioral Ecology , 23 (6 ), 1178–1185 .
Abstract: In colonial breeders, agonistic interactions between conspecifics are frequent and may have significant physiological implications. Physiological responses (e.g., increased heart rate) to such social stressors may be determined by the potential costs of agonistic interactions, such as personal injury or risk of breeding failure, and by the motivation of the individuals concerned. The latter may vary according to individuals reproductive status or willingness to engage in agonistic interactions. In this study, we investigated heart rate responses to aggressive interactions in a breeding colony of king penguins Aptenodytes patagonicus. From heart rate (HR) and behavior recorded in 20 adults at various stages of the breeding season, we investigated how king penguins reacted to aggressive neighbors. A total of 589 agonistic interactions, 223 in which birds were actors and 366 in which birds remained bystanders (i.e., witnesses that were not involved in interactions), were characterized. We found that HR increased during agonistic interactions, both in actors and bystanders. The intensity (threat displays or physical attacks), duration, and rate of aggressive events (number of threats/blows per unit time) of an interaction significantly influenced the HR response in actors. For bystanders, however, only the duration of interactions seemed to matter. Our results also suggest a role for individual motivation, as initiators of agonistic interactions displayed higher HR increases than responders, and as increases were not constant throughout the reproductive season. We conclude that individual risk assessment and motivation modulate physiological responses to social stressors in group-living animals.
Programme: 119
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Viblanc Vincent A, Smith Andrew D, Gineste Benoit, Kauffmann Marion, Groscolas René, . (2015). Modulation of heart rate response to acute stressors throughout the breeding season in the king penguin Aptenodytes patagonicus.
. The Journal of experimental biology, 218(Pt 11), 1686–92.
Abstract: 'Fight-or-flight' stress responses allow animals to cope adaptively to sudden threats by mobilizing energy resources and priming the body for action. Because such responses can be costly and redirect behavior and energy from reproduction to survival, they are likely to be shaped by specific life-history stages, depending on the available energy resources and the commitment to reproduction. Here, we consider how heart rate (HR) responses to acute stressors are affected by the advancing breeding season in a colonial seabird, the king penguin (Aptenodytes patagonicus). We subjected 77 birds (44 males, 33 females) at various stages of incubation and chick-rearing to three experimental stressors (metal sound, distant approach and capture) known to vary both in their intensity and associated risk, and monitored their HR responses. Our results show that HR increase in response to acute stressors was progressively attenuated with the stage of breeding from incubation to chick-rearing. Stress responses did not vary according to nutritional status or seasonal timing (whether breeding was initiated early or late in the season), but were markedly lower during chick-rearing than during incubation. This pattern was obvious for all three stressors. We discuss how 'fight-or-flight' responses may be modulated by considering the energy commitment to breeding, nutritional status and reproductive value of the brood in breeding seabirds.
Programme: 119
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