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. (2008). MODELLING THE IMPACT OF PRIMARY INSOLUBLE ORGANICS FROM THE SEA.
Abstract: 9th ICCPA, Berkeley, CA, USA, August 2008
Programme: 415
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Vignati E, Facchini MC, Rinaldi M, Scannell C, Ceburnis D, Sciare J, Kanakidou M, Myriokefalitakis S, Dentener F, O'Dowd CD, . (2010). Global scale emission and distribution of sea-spray aerosol: Sea-salt and organic enrichment
. Atmospheric Environment, 44(5), 670–677.
Abstract: The chemical composition of marine aerosols as a function of their size is an important parameter for the evaluation of their impact on the global climate system. In this work we model fine particle organic matter emitted by sea spray processes and its influence on the aerosol chemical properties at the global scale using the off-line global Chemistry-Transport Model TM5. TM5 is coupled to a microphysical aerosol dynamics model providing size resolved information on particle masses and numbers. The mass of the emitted sea spray particles is partitioned between water insoluble organic matter (WIOM) and sea salt components in the accumulation mode using a function that relates the emitted organic fraction to the surface ocean chlorophyll-a concentrations. The global emission in the submicron size range of organic matter by sea spray process is 8.2 Tg yr-1, compared to 24 Tg yr-1 sea-salt emissions. When the marine sources are included, the concentrations of modeled primary particulate organic matter (POM) increase mainly over the oceans. The model predictions of WIOM and sea salt are evaluated against measurements carried out at Mace Head (Northern Hemisphere) and Amsterdam Island (Southern Hemisphere), showing that in clean marine conditions WIOM marine emissions contribute significantly to POM values. An estimation of the sea spray organic source in the coarse mode is carried out on the basis of field observations as well as laboratory experiments: the mass of sea spray organic matter in the coarse size range is ca 52% of the total primary organic fraction, leading to a total marine POM emission of 17.2 Tg yr-1.
Keywords: Modelling, Marine aerosols, Organics, Emissions,
Programme: 415
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Vigetta S. (2011). Genetic structure of a king penguin population. Philopatry and genetic diversity: the paradox of animal colonies. .
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Vigan Mensah, Fabien Roquet, Lia Siegelman-Charbit, Baptiste Picard, Etienne Pauthenet, Christophe Guinet. (2018). (Vol. 35).
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. (2007). Evidence of social selection in breeding king penguins?.
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. (2007). Theoretical paradox: is aggressive behaviour of territorial king penguin costly?.
Abstract: 6th International Penguin Conference, 3-7 septembre 2007, Hobart, Australie
Programme: 119
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Viera, V. M., Nolan, P. M., Cote, S. D., Jouventin, P. & Groscolas, R. (2008). Is Territory Defence related to Plumage Ornaments in the King Penguin Aptenodytes patagonicus? Ethology, 114(2), 146–153.
Abstract: Colourful ornaments in monogamous birds may be directed at potential mates or other conspecifics to signal individual condition, reproductive status or fighting ability, especially in monogamous and territorial species. We investigated whether the size of the orange auricular patch may be an indicator of aggressiveness in the king penguin Aptenodytes patagonicus, a monogamous and territorial seabird. The relationship between auricular patch size and defence behaviour was explored relative to territory location (centre vs. periphery of the colony), period of reproduction (early vs. late), state of reproduction (incubation vs. brooding) and sex. The proportion of time spent in territorial defence and the rate of aggressive behaviours were positively correlated with auricular patch size, mainly because central birds were more aggressive than peripheral birds and also had larger patch sizes. The period of reproduction, state of reproduction and sex did not interact with patch size to affect aggressiveness. Our results suggest that the size of the auricular patch in king penguins may be a reliable signal allowing individuals to evaluate the quality of mates or competitors in terms of aggressiveness. Whether aggressiveness is directly linked to patch size or indirectly through body condition, however, remains to be determined. In any event, birds with larger patches seem to gain central territories in the colony, thereby increasing their reproductive success. Finally, our study adds to the growing evidence that the evolution of sexually monomorphic ornaments may stem from mutual sexual selection.
Programme: 119;354
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. (2011). Active territory defence at a low energy cost in a colonial seabird
. Animal Behaviour, 82(1), 69–76.
Abstract: Aggressive behaviour associated with the defence of a territory is thought to impose substantial energy costs and thus to represent a trade-off with other energy-demanding activities. The energy costs of aggressive behaviours, however, have rarely been estimated in the wild, and the overall contribution of territorial defence to daily energy expenditure has never been determined. We studied the activity budget of breeding king penguins, Aptenodytes patagonicus, equipped with heart rate data loggers to estimate the energy costs associated with territory defence in this colonial bird exhibiting very high rates of agonistic interactions. We also assessed whether threat displays imposed lower energy costs than attacks with body contact. During territorial defence (i.e. threats and physical attacks combined), energy expenditure averaged 1.27 times resting metabolic rate. Defence accounted for 13% of the daily time budget and contributed to 2.7% of the total daily energy expenditure. Interactions with body contact cost three times more than threat displays, but accounted for only 16% of the aggressive behaviours recorded. Neither did body mass, body size, penguin sex or breeding stage affect the cost of aggressiveness. Our results are consistent with previous research reporting that fighting imposes significant metabolic costs. However, we found that aggressive behaviour in king penguins was not an expensive activity compared to the total energy budget. Because king penguins go without food and are sleep deprived while breeding, they may have developed behavioural strategies (e.g. lower rates of attacks with body contact) allowing them to defend their territory efficiently at a low energy cost.
Keywords: activity budget, aggressive behaviour, Aptenodytes patagonicus, breeding, daily energy expenditure, king penguin,
Programme: 119
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. (2006). Massive breeding failures following a tsunami in a colonial seabird. Polar Biol., 29, 713–716.
Abstract: DOI 101007/s00300-DOI 101006-0128-3
Programme: 119;137
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. (2006). Do king penguins face energy constraints during reproduction?.
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