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Baroni, M.; Thiemens, M.H.; Delmas, R.J.; Savarino, J. |
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Title |
Mass-Independent Sulfur Isotopic Compositions in Stratospheric Volcanic Eruptions |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2007 |
Publication |
Science |
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Science |
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315 |
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5808 |
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84-87 |
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The observed mass-independent sulfur isotopic composition ({Delta}33S) of volcanic sulfate from the Agung (March 1963) and Pinatubo (June 1991) eruptions recorded in the Antarctic snow provides a mechanism for documenting stratospheric events. The sign of {Delta}33S changes over time from an initial positive component to a negative value. {Delta}33S is created during photochemical oxidation of sulfur dioxide to sulfuric acid on a monthly time scale, which indicates a fast process. The reproducibility of the results reveals that {Delta}33S is a reliable tracer to chemically identify atmospheric processes involved during stratospheric volcanism. |
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457;1011 |
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0036-8075 |
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10.1126/science.1131754 |
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IPEV @ Thierry.Lemaire @ |
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5612 |
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Author |
Baroni, Mlanie; Savarino, Jol; Cole-Dai, J.; Rai, V.K.; Thiemens, M.H. |
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Title |
Anomalous sulfur isotope compositions of volcanic sulfate over the last millennium in Antarctic ice cores |
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Journal Article |
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2008 |
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J. Geophys. Res. |
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Volume |
113 |
Issue |
D20 |
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D20112 |
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Keywords |
sulfur isotope anomaly; volcanic eruption; ice cores; 0370 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Volcanic effects; 0454 Biogeosciences: Isotopic composition and chemistry; 0473 Biogeosciences: Paleoclimatology and paleoceanography; 0724 Cryosphere: Ice cores; 1041 Geochemistry: Stable isotope geochemistry |
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Abstract |
The reconstruction of past volcanism from glaciological archives is based on the measurement of sulfate concentrations in ice. This method does not allow a proper evaluation of the climatic impact of an eruption owing to the uncertainty in classifying an event between stratospheric or tropospheric. This work develops a new method, using anomalous sulfur isotope composition of volcanic sulfate in order to identify stratospheric eruptions over the last millennium. The advantages and limits of this new method are established with the examination of the 10 largest volcanic signals in ice cores from Dome C and South Pole, Antarctica. Of the 10, seven are identified as stratospheric eruptions. Among them, three have been known to be stratospheric (Tambora, Kuwae, the 1259 Unknown Event) and they exhibit anomalous sulfur isotope compositions. Three unknown events (circa 1277, 1230, 1170 A.D.) and the Serua eruption have been identified as stratospheric eruptions, which suggests for the first time that they could have had significant climatic impact. However, the Kuwae and the 1259 Unknown Event stratospheric eruptions exhibit different anomalous sulfur isotope compositions between South Pole and Dome C samples. Differences in sulfate deposition and preservation patterns between the two sites can help explain these discrepancies. This study shows that the presence of an anomalous sulfur isotope composition of volcanic sulfate in ice core indicates a stratospheric eruption, but the absence of such composition does not necessarily lead to the conclusion of a tropospheric process because of differences in the sulfate deposition on the ice sheet. |
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1011 |
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AGU |
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IPEV @ Thierry.Lemaire @ |
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6048 |
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Barraclough D.R., Williams L. & Quinn J.M. |
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US/UK candidates for the definitive geomagnetic reference field modelDGRF-85 and the predictive geomagnetic reference field model IGRF-90. |
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1992 |
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J. geomag. geoelectr. |
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44 |
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719-734 |
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139 |
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1826 |
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Author |
Barral H, Genthon C, Trouvilliez A, Brun C, Amory C, |
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Title |
Blowing snow at D17, Adélie Land, Antarctica: atmospheric moisture issues
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Journal Article |
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2014 |
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The Cryosphere Discuss. |
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8 |
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3 |
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2759-2798 |
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Three years of blowing snow and meteorological observations have been collected along a 7 m mast at site D17 in coastal Adélie Land, Antarctica. This is a region particularly exposed to katabatic winds. The atmospheric surface layer is often close to saturation because of the sublimation of the airborne snow particles. A systematic dry bias results in atmospheric models that ignore blowing snow and its moistening effects, and in meteorological analyses that use such model. The Crocus snow-pack model, including a parameterization for the erosion of surface snow by wind, reproduces the observed march of snow accumulation and ablation if the observed meteorology is used as input. Because of subsaturation, a 2.5 fold increase in surface sublimation is obtained if analyzed surface air meteorology is used. The sublimation obtained in the Crocus model poorly agrees with the moisture fluxes evaluated using the profile method along the mast. Moisture gradients are very weak, particularly when blowing snow saturates the air, to a point where measurement accuracy is an issue. Using the profile method, the measurement uncertainties are strongly amplified in case of strong wind. In such conditions, a single level bulk parameterization with surface energy balance closure as in the Crocus model is preferred. At D17, more than half of the total snow fall is removed by erosion and sublimation, both at the surface and, mainly, of airborne snow particles.
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411 |
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Copernicus Publications |
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1994-0440 |
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yes |
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5075 |
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Author |
Barral H, Genthon C, Trouvilliez A, Brun C, Amory C, |
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Title |
Blowing snow in coastal Adélie Land, Antarctica: three atmospheric-moisture issues
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Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2014 |
Publication |
The Cryosphere |
Abbreviated Journal |
TC |
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8 |
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5 |
Pages |
1905-1919 |
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Abstract |
Three years of blowing snow observations and associated meteorology along a 7-m mast at site D17 in coastal Adelie Land are presented. The observations are used to address 3 atmospheric moisture issues related to the occurrence of blowing snow, a feature which largely affects many regions of Antarctica: 1) Blowing snow sublimation raises close to saturation the moisture content of the surface atmosphere, and atmospheric models and meteorological analyzes that do not carry blowing snow parameterizations areaffected by a systematic dry bias; 2) While snowpack modeling with a parameterization of surface snow erosion by wind can reproduce the variability of snow accumulation and ablation, ignoring the high levels of atmospheric moisture content associated with blowing snow results in overestimating surface sublimation affecting the energy budget of the snow-pack; 3) the well-known profile method to calculate turbulent moisture fluxes is not applicable when blowing snow occurs, because moisture gradients are weak due to blowing snow sublimation, and the impact of measurement uncertainties are strongly amplified in case of strong winds.
Keywords: Antarctica, Snowpack, Surface Mass Balance, Katabatic flow, Blowing snow, Sublimation, Latent Heat Fluxes, Moisture, Observation, Modelling, Profile method,Monin and Obukhov similarity theory, Uncertainty propagation
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1013 |
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Copernicus GmbH |
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1994-0416 |
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yes |
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6015 |
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Author |
Barral H., C. Brun, O. Traullé, C. Genthon, E. Bazile |
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Title |
Turbulence mixing characterization at Dome C on the Antarctic plateau |
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Conference - International - Communication |
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2013 |
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DACA 2013, 8-12 Juillet 2013, Davos, Suisse. |
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1013 |
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4496 |
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Author |
Barral H., C. genthon, D. Six, H. Gallée, C. brun |
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Title |
The atmospheric boundary layer at Dome C on the Antarctic plateau |
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Conference - International - Communication |
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2013 |
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EGU2013, Avril 2013, Vienne, Autriche. |
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1013 |
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yes |
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4492 |
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Author |
Barral, Hélène |
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Title |
Couches limites atmosphériques en Antarctique : observation et simulations numériques |
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2014 |
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La surface enneigée du continent Antarctique, sauf pour quelques heures les après-midi d'été, se refroidit constamment radiativement. Il en résulte une stratification stable persistante de la couche limite atmosphérique qui alimente un écoulement catabatique le long des pentes qui descendent du plateau vers l'océan. Les inversions de températures et les vitesses de vents associées sont extrêmes l'hiver où une inversion moyenne de 25°C sur le plateau et des vitesses dépassant les 200 km/h sur la côte sont régulièrement observées. L'été, les inversions restent très marquées la nuit, mais le réchauffement de la surface par le soleil conduit au développement de couches convectives l'après-midi. Des replats et des pentes immenses et vides, inlassablement recouverts de neige : l'Antarctique est un laboratoire unique pour étudier les transitions entre les régimes turbulents, et surtout la turbulence dans les couches limites stables et catabatiques. Des processus délicats à étudier, puisque très sensibles aux hétérogénéités de la surface.
Ce travail de thèse documente trois cas d'école estivaux typiques : le cycle diurne sur le plateau Antarctique, la génération d'un écoulement catabatique local, et la couche limite soumise à un forçage catabatique. Ces trois situations ont été explorées avec des observations in-situ. Pour deux d'entre elles, les observations ont nourri et ont été complétées par des simulations avec le modèle atmosphérique Méso-NH.
Le premier cas s'intéresse au cycle diurne au Dôme C. Le Dôme C, sur le plateau Antarctique est une zone plate et homogène éloignée des perturbations océaniques. Depuis quelques années, une tour de 45 m échantillonne la couche limite. L'été, un beau cycle diurne apparaît en température et en vent avec un jet de basse couche surgéostrophique la nuit. Une période de deux jours, représentative du reste de l'été, a été sélectionnée, pour la construction du cas d'intercomparaison GABLS4, préparé en collaboration avec Météo-France. Les simulations uni-colonnes menées avec le modèle Méso-NH ont montré la nécessité d'adapter le schéma de turbulence afin qu'il puisse reproduire les inversions de température observée.
Le deuxième cas d'école examine un écoulement catabatique généré localement, au coucher du soleil, sur une pente de 600 par 300 m en Terre Adélie. Certaines caractéristiques de la turbulence, en particulier l'anisotropie, ont été explorées à l'aide de simulations à fine échelle (LES). Pour préparer et évaluer ces simulations, une station de mesure a été spécialement déployée.
Le troisième cas s'intéresse à la couche limite mélangée typique des zones côtières soumises à un vent intense. Ce vent d'origine catabatique, a dévalé les 1000 km de pente en amont. En remobilisant la neige, il interagit avec le mélange turbulent. Le travail s'est intéressé dans ce troisième cas à l'impact du transport de neige sur l'humidité de l'air et au calcul des flux turbulents à partir des profils de température, vent et humidité.
Mots clés: Antarctique, couche limite atmosphérique stable, vent catabatique, transport de neige par le vent, mélange turbulent, simulation numérique, observations
Thèse de doctorat de l'Université de Grenoble Alpes soutenue le 26 Novembre 2014. |
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1013 |
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5986 |
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Barranger S. et T. Hemmerdinger |
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Analyse des données de CO2 et d'O2 atmosphérique de la nouvelle station de mesure groenlandaise de Ivittuut |
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Report |
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2008 |
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Rapport de stage de licence, Université Versailles St Quentin en Yvelines |
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439 |
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5315 |
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Barraquand Frédéric, Høye Toke T, Henden John-André, Yoccoz Nigel G, Gilg Olivier, Schmidt Niels M, Sittler Benoît, Ims Rolf A, |
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Title |
Demographic responses of a site-faithful and territorial predator to its fluctuating prey: long-tailed skuas and arctic lemmings
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2014 |
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Journal of Animal Ecology |
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83 |
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2 |
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375-387 |
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demographic buffering, environmental variance, floaters, population cycles, territoriality, |
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1. Environmental variability, through interannual variation in food availability or climatic variables, is usually detrimental to population growth. It can even select for constancy in key life-history traits, though some exceptions are known. Changes in the level of environmental variability are therefore important to predict population growth or life-history evolution. Recently, several cyclic vole and lemming populations have shown large dynamical changes that might affect the demography or life-histories of rodent predators.
2. Skuas constitute an important case study among rodent predators, because of their strongly saturating breeding productivity (they lay only two eggs) and high degree of site fidelity, in which they differ from nomadic predators raising large broods in good rodent years. This suggests that they cannot capitalize on lemming peaks to the same extent as nomadic predators and might be more vulnerable to collapses of rodent cycles.
3. We develop a model for the population dynamics of long-tailed skuas feeding on lemmings to assess the demographic consequences of such variable and non-stationary prey dynamics, based on data collected in NE Greenland. The model shows that populations of long-tailed skua sustain well changes in lemming dynamics, including temporary collapses (e.g. 10 years). A high floater-to-breeder ratio emerges from rigid territorial behaviour and a long-life expectancy, which buffers the impact of adult abundance’s decrease on the population reproductive output.
4. The size of the floater compartment is affected by changes in both mean and coefficient of variation of lemming densities (but not cycle amplitude and periodicity per se). In Greenland, the average lemming density is below the threshold density required for successful breeding (including during normally cyclic periods). Due to Jensen’s inequality, skuas therefore benefit from lemming variability; a positive effect of environmental variation.
5. Long-tailed skua populations are strongly adapted to fluctuating lemming populations, an instance of demographic lability in the reproduction rate. They are also little affected by poor lemming periods, if there are enough floaters, or juveniles disperse to neighbouring populations. The status of Greenland skua populations therefore strongly depends upon floater numbers and juvenile movements, which are not known. This reveals a need to intensify colour-ringing efforts on the long-tailed skua at a circumpolar scale. |
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1365-2656 |
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5526 |
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