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Author  |
Vignati, E., F. Dentener, M.C. Facchini, C. Scannell, C. O’Dowd, and J. Sciare |
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Title |
MODELLING THE IMPACT OF PRIMARY INSOLUBLE ORGANICS FROM THE SEA |
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Conference - International - Poster |
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2008 |
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9th ICCPA, Berkeley, CA, USA, August 2008 |
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415 |
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5080 |
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Author |
Vignati E, Facchini MC, Rinaldi M, Scannell C, Ceburnis D, Sciare J, Kanakidou M, Myriokefalitakis S, Dentener F, O'Dowd CD, |
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Title |
Global scale emission and distribution of sea-spray aerosol: Sea-salt and organic enrichment
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2010 |
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Atmospheric Environment |
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44 |
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5 |
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670 -677 |
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Keywords |
Modelling, Marine aerosols, Organics, Emissions, |
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Abstract |
The chemical composition of marine aerosols as a function of their size is an important parameter for the evaluation of their impact on the global climate system. In this work we model fine particle organic matter emitted by sea spray processes and its influence on the aerosol chemical properties at the global scale using the off-line global Chemistry-Transport Model TM5. TM5 is coupled to a microphysical aerosol dynamics model providing size resolved information on particle masses and numbers. The mass of the emitted sea spray particles is partitioned between water insoluble organic matter (WIOM) and sea salt components in the accumulation mode using a function that relates the emitted organic fraction to the surface ocean chlorophyll-a concentrations. The global emission in the submicron size range of organic matter by sea spray process is 8.2 Tg yr-1, compared to 24 Tg yr-1 sea-salt emissions. When the marine sources are included, the concentrations of modeled primary particulate organic matter (POM) increase mainly over the oceans. The model predictions of WIOM and sea salt are evaluated against measurements carried out at Mace Head (Northern Hemisphere) and Amsterdam Island (Southern Hemisphere), showing that in clean marine conditions WIOM marine emissions contribute significantly to POM values. An estimation of the sea spray organic source in the coarse mode is carried out on the basis of field observations as well as laboratory experiments: the mass of sea spray organic matter in the coarse size range is ca 52% of the total primary organic fraction, leading to a total marine POM emission of 17.2 Tg yr-1. |
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415 |
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1352-2310 |
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68 |
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Author |
Vigetta S. |
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Title |
Genetic structure of a king penguin population. Philopatry and genetic diversity: the paradox of animal colonies. |
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2011 |
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Genetic diversity is essential to successfully stand up to global changes, including a population’s ability to adapt. How this diversity is maintained in philopatric colonial systems however remains unclear. We were interested in genetic diversity and structure of a king penguin (Aptenodytes patagonicus) colony in the Crozet Islands both in location (sub-areas ANT1 and ANT3) and time (years 2001 and 2009). Using 2 polymorphic microsatellites on a sample of 130 individuals, we found a very high genetic diversity in both
sub-areas and two years, and nearly no genetic structure in either year measured. Against our expectations, the genetic structure did not strengthen with time and genetic diversity did not weaken with time, despite the natal site fidelity observed in this species. In addition, kinship relations and phylogenic trees suggest gene transfer between the two sub-areas and some organization into sub-groups. These results suggest that the philopatric behavior of breeding birds in this colony could not be revealed at this spatial scale. Gene flow between colonies and/or sub-colonies may also enable the population to maintain some genetic variability. |
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137 |
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yes |
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1871 |
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Author |
Vigan Mensah, Fabien Roquet, Lia Siegelman-Charbit, Baptiste Picard, Etienne Pauthenet, Christophe Guinet |
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Title |
A Correction for the Thermal Mass–Induced Errors of CTD Tags Mounted on Marine Mammals |
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2018 |
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Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology |
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35 |
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6 |
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1237-1252 |
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The effect of thermal mass on the salinity estimate from conductivity–temperature–depth (CTD) tags sensor mounted on marine mammals is documented, and a correction scheme is proposed to mitigate its impact. The algorithm developed here allows for a direct correction of the salinity data, rather than a correction of the sample’s conductivity and temperature. The amplitude of the thermal mass–induced error on salinity and its correction are evaluated via comparison between data from CTD tags and from Sea-Bird Scientific CTD used as a reference. Thermal mass error on salinity appears to be generally O(10−2) g kg−1, it may reach O(10−1) g kg−1, and it tends to increase together with the magnitude of the cumulated temperature gradient (THP) within the water column. The correction we propose yields an error decrease of up to ~60% if correction coefficients specific to a certain tag or environment are calculated, and up to 50% if a default value for the coefficients is provided. The correction with the default coefficients was also evaluated using over 22 000 in situ dive data from five tags deployed in the Southern Ocean and is found to yield significant and systematic improvements on the salinity data, including for profiles whose THP was weak and the error small. The correction proposed here yields substantial improvements in the density estimates, although a thermal mass–induced error in temperature measurements exists for very large THP and has yet to be corrected. |
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1201 |
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0739-0572 |
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0739-0572 |
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7367 |
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Author |
Viera, V., Nolan, P., Jouventin, P., Groscolas, R., Côté, S. |
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Title |
Evidence of social selection in breeding king penguins? |
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Conference - International - Communication |
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2007 |
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Abstract |
32ème Réunion Soc. Québéc Etude Biologique Comportement (SQEBC 2007) |
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119 |
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4571 |
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Author |
Viera, V., Côté, S. & Groscolas, R. |
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Title |
Theoretical paradox: is aggressive behaviour of territorial king penguin costly? |
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Conference - International - Communication |
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2007 |
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Abstract |
6th International Penguin Conference, 3-7 septembre 2007, Hobart, Australie |
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119 |
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4543 |
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Author |
Viera, V. M., Nolan, P. M., Cote, S. D., Jouventin, P. & Groscolas, R. |
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Title |
Is Territory Defence related to Plumage Ornaments in the King Penguin Aptenodytes patagonicus? |
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Journal Article |
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2008 |
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Ethology |
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114 |
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2 |
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146-153 |
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Colourful ornaments in monogamous birds may be directed at potential mates or other conspecifics to signal individual condition, reproductive status or fighting ability, especially in monogamous and territorial species. We investigated whether the size of the orange auricular patch may be an indicator of aggressiveness in the king penguin Aptenodytes patagonicus, a monogamous and territorial seabird. The relationship between auricular patch size and defence behaviour was explored relative to territory location (centre vs. periphery of the colony), period of reproduction (early vs. late), state of reproduction (incubation vs. brooding) and sex. The proportion of time spent in territorial defence and the rate of aggressive behaviours were positively correlated with auricular patch size, mainly because central birds were more aggressive than peripheral birds and also had larger patch sizes. The period of reproduction, state of reproduction and sex did not interact with patch size to affect aggressiveness. Our results suggest that the size of the auricular patch in king penguins may be a reliable signal allowing individuals to evaluate the quality of mates or competitors in terms of aggressiveness. Whether aggressiveness is directly linked to patch size or indirectly through body condition, however, remains to be determined. In any event, birds with larger patches seem to gain central territories in the colony, thereby increasing their reproductive success. Finally, our study adds to the growing evidence that the evolution of sexually monomorphic ornaments may stem from mutual sexual selection. |
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119;354 |
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0179-1613 |
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5015 |
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Author |
Viera Vanessa M, Viblanc Vincent A, Filippi-Codaccioni Ondine, Côté Steeve D, Groscolas René, |
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Title |
Active territory defence at a low energy cost in a colonial seabird
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Journal Article |
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2011 |
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Animal Behaviour |
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82 |
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1 |
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69-76 |
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Keywords |
activity budget, aggressive behaviour, Aptenodytes patagonicus, breeding, daily energy expenditure, king penguin, |
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Aggressive behaviour associated with the defence of a territory is thought to impose substantial energy costs and thus to represent a trade-off with other energy-demanding activities. The energy costs of aggressive behaviours, however, have rarely been estimated in the wild, and the overall contribution of territorial defence to daily energy expenditure has never been determined. We studied the activity budget of breeding king penguins, Aptenodytes patagonicus, equipped with heart rate data loggers to estimate the energy costs associated with territory defence in this colonial bird exhibiting very high rates of agonistic interactions. We also assessed whether threat displays imposed lower energy costs than attacks with body contact. During territorial defence (i.e. threats and physical attacks combined), energy expenditure averaged 1.27 times resting metabolic rate. Defence accounted for 13% of the daily time budget and contributed to 2.7% of the total daily energy expenditure. Interactions with body contact cost three times more than threat displays, but accounted for only 16% of the aggressive behaviours recorded. Neither did body mass, body size, penguin sex or breeding stage affect the cost of aggressiveness. Our results are consistent with previous research reporting that fighting imposes significant metabolic costs. However, we found that aggressive behaviour in king penguins was not an expensive activity compared to the total energy budget. Because king penguins go without food and are sleep deprived while breeding, they may have developed behavioural strategies (e.g. lower rates of attacks with body contact) allowing them to defend their territory efficiently at a low energy cost. |
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119 |
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0003-3472 |
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3799 |
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Viera V., Le Bohec C., Côté S. & Groscolas R. |
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Title |
Massive breeding failures following a tsunami in a colonial seabird. |
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2006 |
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Polar biology |
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Polar Biol. |
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29 |
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713-716 |
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DOI 101007/s00300-DOI 101006-0128-3 |
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119;137 |
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0722-4060 |
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3280 |
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Author |
Viera V., Côté S. & Groscolas R. |
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Title |
Do king penguins face energy constraints during reproduction? |
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Conference - International - Communication |
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2006 |
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15ème Congrès Soc. Ecol. Chili. La Serena, Chili, juillet 2006. |
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119 |
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3311 |
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