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An Vo Quang. (2013). Caractérisation lipidique chez les larves de poissons Chionodraco sp..
Abstract: Rapport de stage de Master 1 SDUEE – « Ecologie, Biodiversité, Evolution »
Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris/ Dirigée par P. Mayzaud
Programme: 1142
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Ana P. B. Carneiro, Elizabeth J. Pearmain, Steffen Oppel, Thomas A. Clay, Richard A. Phillips, Anne-Sophie Bonnet‐Lebrun, Ross M. Wanless, Edward Abraham, Yvan Richard, Joel Rice, Jonathan Handley, Tammy E. Davies, Ben J. Dilley, Peter G. Ryan, Cleo Small, Javier Arata, John P. Y. Arnould, Elizabeth Bell, Leandro Bugoni, Letizia Campioni, Paulo Catry, Jaimie Cleeland, Lorna Deppe, Graeme Elliott, Amanda Freeman, Jacob González‐Solís, José Pedro Granadeiro, David Grémillet, Todd J. Landers, Azwianewi Makhado, Deon Nel, David G. Nicholls, Kalinka Rexer‐Huber, Christopher J. R. Robertson, Paul M. Sagar, Paul Scofield, Jean-Claude Stahl, Andrew Stanworth, Kim L. Stevens, Philip N. Trathan, David R. Thompson, Leigh Torres, Kath Walker, Susan M. Waugh, Henri Weimerskirch, Maria P. Dias. (2020). A framework for mapping the distribution of seabirds by integrating tracking, demography and phenology (Vol. 57).
Abstract: The identification of geographic areas where the densities of animals are highest across their annual cycles is a crucial step in conservation planning. In marine environments, however, it can be particularly difficult to map the distribution of species, and the methods used are usually biased towards adults, neglecting the distribution of other life-history stages even though they can represent a substantial proportion of the total population. Here we develop a methodological framework for estimating population-level density distributions of seabirds, integrating tracking data across the main life-history stages (adult breeders and non-breeders, juveniles and immatures). We incorporate demographic information (adult and juvenile/immature survival, breeding frequency and success, age at first breeding) and phenological data (average timing of breeding and migration) to weight distribution maps according to the proportion of the population represented by each life-history stage. We demonstrate the utility of this framework by applying it to 22 species of albatrosses and petrels that are of conservation concern due to interactions with fisheries. Because juveniles, immatures and non-breeding adults account for 47%–81% of all individuals of the populations analysed, ignoring the distributions of birds in these stages leads to biased estimates of overlap with threats, and may misdirect management and conservation efforts. Population-level distribution maps using only adult distributions underestimated exposure to longline fishing effort by 18%–42%, compared with overlap scores based on data from all life-history stages. Synthesis and applications. Our framework synthesizes and improves on previous approaches to estimate seabird densities at sea, is applicable for data-poor situations, and provides a standard and repeatable method that can be easily updated as new tracking and demographic data become available. We provide scripts in the R language and a Shiny app to facilitate future applications of our approach. We recommend that where sufficient tracking data are available, this framework be used to assess overlap of seabirds with at-sea threats such as overharvesting, fisheries bycatch, shipping, offshore industry and pollutants. Based on such an analysis, conservation interventions could be directed towards areas where they have the greatest impact on populations.
Keywords: albatrosses at-sea threats conservation distributions longline fisheries megafauna petrels seabird density
Programme: 388
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Anaïs Dasnon, Karine Delord, Adrien Chaigne, Christophe Barbraud. (2022). Fisheries bycatch mitigation measures as an efficient tool for the conservation of seabird populations (Vol. 59).
Abstract: The impact of industrial fisheries on marine biodiversity is conspicuous in large pelagic vertebrate's fisheries bycatch. In seabirds, this led to the decline of many populations since the 1980s following the rise of global fishing effort. Bycatch mitigation measures were implemented since the 2000s, but their effects on the concerned seabird populations remain poorly quantified and understood. We studied the effects of bycatch mitigation measures on the demography of the white-chinned petrel, one of the most bycatch impacted seabirds whose populations suffered dramatic declines before the implementation of mitigation measures. To do so we (a) built multi-event capture–recapture models to estimate the demographic parameters of a population from Possession Island (southern Indian Ocean) over 30 years, (b) assessed the effect of climate and fishery covariates on demographic parameters, (c) built a population matrix model to estimate stochastic growth rate according to the management in fisheries bycatch and (d) estimated changes in breeding population density using distance sampling data. The population declined from the 1980s to the mid-2000s, while trawl and longline fisheries occurred with no bycatch mitigation measures. The negative effects of fishery bycatch through additive mortality and of rat predation on breeding success were likely the main drivers of this decline. Both modelled population growth rate and observed breeding densities showed an increase since the mid-2000s. We explained this trend by the improvement in survival probability following implementation of fishery bycatch mitigation measures and in breeding success probability with the local control of the rat population and changes in sea ice conditions on foraging grounds. Synthesis and applications. We provide a holistic approach to assess the effects of management measures by analysing datasets from sampling methods commonly employed in seabird studies. Our conclusions should encourage the eradication of invasive predatory species in seabird breeding areas and the strengthening of bycatch mitigation measures for the vulnerable seabird species, especially in international waters, but also the development of such measures considering the other marine large pelagic species threatened by fisheries bycatch (sharks, rays, turtles and marine mammals) since it could be crucial to avoid populations' extinction.
Programme: 109
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Anaïs Fongy. (2013). Implication potentielle des protéines de fusion mitochondriale dans l’ontogenèse des processus bioénergétiques musculaires chez l’oiseau.
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Anaïs Fongy, Caroline Romestaing, Coralie Blanc, Nicolas Lacoste-Garanger, Jean-Louis Rouanet, Mireille Raccurt, Claude Duchamp. (2013). Ontogeny of muscle bioenergetics in Adélie penguin chicks (Pygoscelis adeliae) (Vol. 305).
Abstract: The ontogeny of pectoralis muscle bioenergetics was studied in growing Adélie penguin chicks during the first month after hatching and compared with adults using permeabilized fibers and isolated mitochondria. With pyruvate-malate-succinate or palmitoyl-carnitine as substrates, permeabilized fiber respiration markedly increased during chick growth (3-fold) and further rose in adults (1.4-fold). Several markers of muscle fiber oxidative activity (cytochrome oxidase, citrate synthase, hydroxyl-acyl-CoA dehydrogenase) increased 6- to 19-fold with age together with large rises in intermyofibrillar (IMF) and subsarcolemmal (SS) mitochondrial content (3- to 5-fold) and oxidative activities (1.5- to 2.4-fold). The proportion of IMF relative to SS mitochondria increased with chick age but markedly dropped in adults. Differences in oxidative activity between mitochondrial fractions were reduced in adults compared with hatched chicks. Extrapolation of mitochondrial to muscle respirations revealed similar figures with isolated mitochondria and permeabilized fibers with carbohydrate-derived but not with lipid-derived substrates, suggesting diffusion limitations of lipid substrates with permeabilized fibers. Two immunoreactive fusion proteins, mitofusin 2 (Mfn2) and optic atrophy 1 (OPA1), were detected by Western blots on mitochondrial extracts and their relative abundance increased with age. Muscle fiber respiration was positively related with Mfn2 and OPA1 relative abundance. Present data showed by two complementary techniques large ontogenic increases in muscle oxidative activity that may enable birds to face thermal emancipation and growth in childhood and marine life in adulthood. The concomitant rise in mitochondrial fusion protein abundance suggests a role of mitochondrial networks in the skeletal muscle processes of bioenergetics that enable penguins to overcome harsh environmental constraints.
Programme: 131
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Anais J. Orsi, Kenji Kawamura, Valerie Masson-Delmotte, Xavier Fettweis, Jason E. Box, Dorthe Dahl-Jensen, Gary D. Clow, Amaelle Landais, Jeffrey P. Severinghaus. (2017). The recent warming trend in North Greenland (Vol. 44).
Abstract: The Arctic is among the fastest warming regions on Earth, but it is also one with limited spatial coverage of multidecadal instrumental surface air temperature measurements. Consequently, atmospheric reanalyses are relatively unconstrained in this region, resulting in a large spread of estimated 30 year recent warming trends, which limits their use to investigate the mechanisms responsible for this trend. Here we present a surface temperature reconstruction over 1982–2011 at NEEM (North Greenland Eemian Ice Drilling Project, 51°W, 77°N), in North Greenland, based on the inversion of borehole temperature and inert gas isotope data. We find that NEEM has warmed by 2.7 ± 0.33°C over the past 30 years, from the long-term 1900–1970 average of −28.55 ± 0.29°C. The warming trend is principally caused by an increase in downward longwave heat flux. Atmospheric reanalyses underestimate this trend by 17%, underlining the need for more in situ observations to validate reanalyses.
Keywords: borehole temperature Greenland ice sheet surface warming
Programme: 458
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Anaïs Janc. (2019). Comportement des capitaines, des orques Orcinus orca et des cachalots Physeter macrocephalus dans le contexte de compétition autour de la pêcherie palangrière à la légine australe Dissostichus eleginoides dans les eaux subantarctiques françaises.
Abstract: La surexploitation des ressources halieutiques entraîne une compétition croissante entre les pêcheries et la biodiversité marine. Cette compétition donne lieu à des interactions de type déprédation (consommation des poissons directement sur le matériel de pêche par les prédateurs marins). La déprédation engendre des conséquences i) socio-économiques pour les pêcheries (diminution des rendements) ; ii) écologiques pour les prédateurs marins (risques accrus de capture accidentelle ou d’exposition à une réponse létale) et iii) écosystémiques (impacts sur les ressources cibles et auxiliaires). Cette thèse propose d’étudier, sur une des pêcheries des plus lucratives, des plus sélectives mais également des plus exposées à la déprédation, les mécanismes décisionnels (capitaines) et comportementaux (prédateurs marins) impliqués dans la déprédation exercée par les orques (Orcinus orca) et les cachalots (Physeter macrocephalus) sur la pêcherie à la palangre démersale ciblant la légine australe (Dissostichus eleginoides) dans les Zones Économiques Exclusives françaises des îles Crozet et Kerguelen, océan Indien. Par une approche originale combinant éthologie humaine et animale sur fond de théorie de l’approvisionnement optimal à deux échelles spatio-temporelles, nous montrons que i) cette déprédation est marquée avec une compétition d’autant plus importante que les capitaines sont expérimentés ; ii) les odontocètes ajustent leur comportement naturel pour bénéficier de l’apport de nourriture issue des pêcheries ; iii) aucune prise de décision ne permet simultanément un haut rendement de pêche et une déprédation réduite. Ces résultats soulignent l’importance de la pression exercée par les pêcheries sur les ressources naturelles et la pertinence de futures évaluations bioéconomiques et socio-écosystémiques pour assurer la viabilité économique des pêcheries et la durabilité des ressources naturelles exploitées et auxiliaires.
Programme: 109
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Anaïs Janc, Christophe Guinet, David Pinaud, Gaëtan Richard, Pascal Monestiez, Paul Tixier. (2021). Fishing behaviours and fisher effect in decision-making processes when facing depredation by marine predators (Vol. 28).
Abstract: Fishers aim to optimise cost–benefit ratios of their behaviour when exploiting resources. Avoidance of interactions with marine predators (i.e. their feeding on catches in fishing gear, known as depredation) has recently become an important component of their decisions. How fishers minimise these interactions whilst maximising fishing success is poorly understood. This issue is addressed in a sub-Antarctic, long-line fishery confronted with extensive depredation by sperm whales Physeter macrocephalus and killer whales Orcinus orca by examining a 15-year data set. Whereas a broad range of behaviours was identified from spatio-temporal and operational descriptors, none combined high fishing success with low frequency of interactions. With experience, fishers favoured exploitation of productive patches with high frequencies of interactions over avoidance behaviours. Such decisions, although potentially optimal in the short term, are likely to intensify pressures on fish stocks and impact depredating whales. Therefore, the present study provides additional evidence to inform management decisions pertaining to the coexistence between fisheries and marine predators.
Keywords: experience individual perceptions optimal foraging theory skipper behaviour sustainability of fish stocks whale–fisheries interactions
Programme: 109
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Anaïs Janc, Gaëtan Richard, Christophe Guinet, John P. Y. Arnould, Maria Ching Villanueva, Guy Duhamel, Nicolas Gasco, Paul Tixier. (2018). How do fishing practices influence sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus) depredation on demersal longline fisheries? (Vol. 206).
Abstract: Marine mammal depredation on fisheries (animals removing fish caught on fishing gear) is a worldwide issue involving socio-economic and ecological consequences. Longline fisheries are the most impacted by odontocete (toothed whales) depredation. While technological means have provided limited efficacy in reducing depredation, this study examined the fishing practices influencing both the proportion of depredated longline sets and the amount of fish removed by whales. We used an 8-year dataset from the Patagonian toothfish (Dissostichus eleginoides) longline fisheries operating in Crozet and Kerguelen Economic Exclusive Zones (EEZs) (South Indian Ocean) and GLMMs to investigate sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus) depredation. Sperm whale depredation occurred on 61% of 5260 sets in Crozet and 41% of 16,902 sets in Kerguelen, and resulted in minimum estimated toothfish losses of 702 tons and 2649 tons, respectively, in the two areas. The probability of depredation decreased in winter months, increased with depth fished and decreased when vessels travelled over distances of >60 km from fishing grounds with encountering depredation. These findings suggest the natural spatio-temporal distribution of sperm whales and their ability to follow vessels over limited ranges influence the number of captured fish removals. The amount of depredated toothfish decreased with the speed at which longline sets were hauled and increased with the soaking time of sets suggesting that whales may depredate sets during both hauling and soaking operations. Together, these observations indicate that rates of depredation may be influenced by the conditions of fishing operations and could therefore be employed to implement strategies of avoidance in all fisheries facing similar depredation impacts.
Keywords: Demersal longline Depredation Fishing practices Patagonian toothfish Sperm whale
Programme: 109
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Ancel A. & Beaulieu M. (2009). Practical method of estimating fresh mass of Adélie penguin eggs. Polar Biol., 32, 1091–1093.
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