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Alexandra Lavrillier. (2013). Climate change among nomadic and settled Tungus of Siberia: continuity and changes in economic and ritual relationships with the natural environment (Vol. 49).
Abstract: Living in close relationship with the Siberian environment, for several decades the Tungus (Evenk and Even peoples) have been noticing numerous changes in climate, flora and fauna. Based on fieldwork among reindeer herders, hunters and fishermen in Yakutia, the Amur region and Kamchatka, this paper explores how climate change is perceived, and how it causes economic, social and ritual changes. It questions the modifications of the economic and religious human-environment relationships through various aspects. It analyses the indigenous perception of a link between the environment and identity and the indigenous notion of adaptation and vulnerability. It also compares their adaptive strategies that either use old techniques, or trigger mutations. In this context, the notion of reciprocity seems to be disappearing and a new notion of time-space in managing the environment is appearing. This paper analyses the religious changes, such as the creation of new rituals and millenarian narratives or the rebirth of shamanistic legends.
Programme: 1127
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Alexandra Lavrillier. (2020). “Spirit-Charged” Humans in Siberia: Interrelations between the Notions of the Individual (“Spirit Charge” and “Active Imprint”) and (Ritual) Action (Vol. 57).
Abstract: This paper shows how a society imagines human individuals and their power to act upon spirits both ritually and materially. Based on the author’s fieldwork (from 1994 to 2019), it analyzes the emic concept onnir, which is omnipresent in the daily activities and the past and present collective/individual rituals of Siberian Evenki and Even. Each human owns a specific fluctuating “charge made of spirits” and an “active imprint” that empowers the human to act, perform rituals, develop talents, and create. Even after death, this “imprint” affects everything and everyone a human ever touched. Onnir defines the interrelations between the individual, the spirits of his or her own “charge,” and the spirits of the universe in an “active agent”-“patient” relationship. This paper contributes to studies of the notions of the individual, “playing” as a ritual means, the acceptance/rejection of neoshamans, neorituals, and the (ritual) agency of ordinary individuals.
Programme: 1127
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Alexandra Lavrillier, Aurore Dumont, Donatas Brandišauskas. (2018). Human-nature relationships in the Tungus societies of Siberia and Northeast China.
Abstract: Though the Tungus are dispersed all over Siberia and Northeast China and practice various economic activities, such as hunting, reindeer herding, horse breeding, fishing, and dog breeding, they can be regarded as a coherent cultural and linguistic group; more surprisingly, in the People’s Republic of China (PRC), they are also occupied with agriculture and Mongol pastoralism. Thus, the Tungus, living as they do across the borders of different provinces and states, allow us to conduct comparat...
Keywords: China ethnohistory hunting landscape minority-state relationship nomadism politics reindeer herding ritual practices Russia shamanism traditional ecological knowledge Tungus
Programme: 1127
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Alexandra Lavrillier, Semen Gabyshev. (2018). An emic science of climate. Reindeer Evenki environmental knowledge and the notion of an “extreme process”.
Abstract: This paper was co-written by Lavrillier (anthropologist) and Gabyshev (reindeer herder and co-researcher) on the basis of their field materials, with documentation and analysis of complex traditional environmental knowledge. After discussing the methodology of a community-based transdisciplinary observatory for monitoring the climate and environmental changes with herders, the paper reveals some results from their co-production. It presents the emic science of climate (its typologies and concepts) the Evenki use for understanding norms and anomalies, observing and predicting changes, and adaptation. The authors then develop the notion of an “extreme process” and show that it is more suitable than the concept of an “extreme event” (used in climate change studies) for defining how the Evenki face climate change. By analysing several case studies, they define this notion as the interaction between an accumulation of climatic anomalies in different domains and other environmental disruptions. When external factors (economical, political, or industrial) join the mix, it results in a “hybrid extreme process”, which seriously questions the resilience of this nomadic society.
Keywords: climate change cognition community-based observatory environmental change hunter predators reindeer herding traditional ecological knowledge transdisciplinarity
Programme: 1127
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Alexandra Lavrillier, Semen Gabyshev. (2021). An Indigenous science of the climate change impacts on landscape topography in Siberia (Vol. 50).
Abstract: As with many Indigenous Peoples, the Siberian Evenki nomadic reindeer herders and hunters have observed increasing consequences of climate change on the cryosphere and biodiversity. Since 2017, they have observed previously unthinkable changes in topography. Based exclusively on an Evenki Indigenous Ecological Knowledge system-social anthropology coproduction and community-based continuous observation from 2013, this paper analyses what a Subarctic People observes, knows, does not know, hypothesizes, and models (collectively or individually) about climate change impacts on Indigenous landscape types typical for local river systems. These landscapes are crucial tools for traditional activities. To the nomads, the landscape changes emerge from general anomalies: competition from new plant species; atmosphere–ground–vegetation interactions; icing blisters decrease; rising receding river water interactions; the formation of new soil, ice, and snow types; increasing ground, air, and water temperatures; and the (non)circulation of harsh air throughout the snowpack. We demonstrate the science-like structure and value of Indigenous typologies and hypotheses.
Programme: 1127
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Alexandra Lavrillier, Semen Gabyshev. (2022). Traditsionnye ekologicheskie znaniia [Traditional environmental knowledge], In (Eds) L.I. Missonova, A.A. Sirina Tunguso-man'chzhurskie narody Sibiri i Dal'nego vostoka: Evenki. Eveny. Negidal'tsy, Uil'ta, Nanaitsy, Ul'chi, Udegeitsy, Oroch, Tazy [The Tungus-Manchu peoples of Siberia and the Far East: Evenki. Even. Neghidal. Uil’ta, Nanai, Ulch, Udhegei, Oroch, Taz. Nanais. Ulchi. Udege. Orochi. Tazy], Coll. Narody i Kultury, Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology im. N.N. Miklukho-Maclay Russian Academy of Science. M.: Nauka, 2022. (Peoples and cultures). pp. 459-472. (Vol. Narody i Kultury).
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Alexandra Lavrillier, Semen Gabyshev, Liudmila Egorova, Galina Makarova, Maia Lomovtseva-Adukanova. (2021). Analysing Non-Existent and Existing Tourisms in Eastern Siberia among the Evenki, Even, Koryak and Itelmen.
Abstract: Depuis l'effondrement de l'Union soviétique, les villageois et les nomades autochtones sibériens ont souvent eu du mal à subvenir à leurs besoins. Certains natifs pensent que l'ethno-tourisme peut être une source de revenus, mais il y a actuellement peu de tourisme en Sibérie. Dans l'Arctique circumpolaire, le tourisme est présenté comme une source de croissance économique. Le Plan Officiel de Développement Economique de la Fédération de Russie à l'Horizon 2030 vise également le développement du tourisme et, à cette fin, la Russie mobilise des équipes spécialisées. Quelles seront les conséquences économiques, sociales et culturelles pour les communautés autochtones? Quelles formes de tourisme leur seraient bénéfiques ? Quelles perceptions les autochtones de Sibérie ont-ils du tourisme ?Cet article transdisciplinaire compare le tourisme inexistant, tel qu'il est imaginé, souhaité ou déploré par les citadins, les villageois, les éleveurs nomades autochtones de la République Sakha-Yakoutie et de la région de l'Amour, avec diverses expériences d’ethno-tourisme existants au Kamtchatka. Basé sur des données ethnographiques recueillies entre 1994 et 2016, l'article a utilisé les méthodes de terrains participatifs et de l’anthropologie classique, et des mises en hypothèses effectuées par des co-chercheurs autochtones et un anthropologue. Il analyse les aspects économiques, sociaux, culturels et administratifs des tourismes existants et non existants.
Keywords: changement culturel communautés autochtones economies Even Evenk invention de la tradition Itelmen Koriak nomades Russie Sibérie Tourisme
Programme: 1127
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Alexandra Lavrillier, Semen Gabyshev, Maxence Rojo. (2016). The Sable for Evenk Reindeer Herders in Southeastern Siberia: Interplaying Drivers of Changes on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services: Climate Change, Worldwide Market Econonomy and Extractive Industries (Vol. 9).
Abstract: The transdisciplinary publication introduces the Evenki and their perception of global climate and environmental changes. Then it presents a case study of one of the most important ecosystem services for the Evenki nomads (sable hunting) and how it is threatened by combined drivers of change. It studies in detail changes in the snow and vegetal covers related to sable, analyses the dependency of the nomads on this economic activity, and reflects on how national and international drivers of change influence this trade and, consequently, the well-being of the Evenki. Finally, it concludes by discussing the interplaying drivers of change
Programme: 1127
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Alexandra T. Holland, Benoît Bergk Pinto, Rose Layton, Christopher J. Williamson, Alexandre M. Anesio, Timothy M. Vogel, Catherine Larose, Martyn Tranter. (2020). Over Winter Microbial Processes in a Svalbard Snow Pack: An Experimental Approach (Vol. 11).
Abstract: Snow packs cover large expanses of Earth’s land surface, making them integral components of the cryosphere in terms of past climate and atmospheric proxies, surface albedo regulators, insulators for other Arctic environments and habitats for diverse microbial communities such as algae, bacteria and fungi. Yet, most of our current understanding of snow pack environments, specifically microbial activity and community interaction, is limited to the main microbial growing season during spring ablation. At present, little is known about microbial activity and its influence on nutrient cycling during the subfreezing temperatures and 24-h darkness of the polar winter. Here, we examined microbial dynamics in a simulated cold (−5°C), dark snow pack to determine polar winter season microbial activity and its dependence on critical nutrients. Snow collected from Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard was incubated in the dark over a 5-week period with four different nutrient additions, including glacial mineral particles, dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN), dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) and a combined treatment of DIN plus DIP. Data indicate a consumption of dissolved inorganic nutrients, particularly DIN, by heterotrophic communities, suggesting a potential nitrogen limitation, contradictory to phosphorus limitations found in most aquatic environments. 16S amplicon sequencing also reveal a clear difference in microbial community composition in the particulate mineral treatment compared to dissolved nutrient treatments and controls, suggesting that certain species of heterotrophs living within the snow pack are more likely to associate with particulates. Particulate phosphorus analyses indicate a potential ability of heterotrophic communities to access particulate sources of phosphorous, possibly explaining the lack of phosphorus limitation. These findings have importance for understanding microbial activity during the polar winter season and its potential influences on the abundance and bioavailability of nutrients released to surface ice and downstream environments during the ablation season.
Programme: 1192
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Alexandra Touzeau, Amaëlle Landais, Barbara Stenni, Ryu Uemura, Kotaro Fukui, Shuji Fujita, Sarah Guilbaud, Alexey Ekaykin, Mathieu Casado, Eugeni Barkan, Boaz Luz, Olivier Magand, Grégory Teste, Emmanuel Le Meur, Mélanie Baroni, Joël Savarino, Ilann Bourgeois, Camille Risi. (2016). Acquisition of isotopic composition for surface snow in East Antarctica and the links to climatic parameters (Vol. 10).
Abstract: Abstract. The isotopic compositions of oxygen and hydrogen in ice cores are invaluable tools for the reconstruction of past climate variations. Used alone, they give insights into the variations of the local temperature, whereas taken together they can provide information on the climatic conditions at the point of origin of the moisture. However, recent analyses of snow from shallow pits indicate that the climatic signal can become erased in very low accumulation regions, due to local processes of snow reworking. The signal-to-noise ratio decreases and the climatic signal can then only be retrieved using stacks of several snow pits. Obviously, the signal is not completely lost at this stage, otherwise it would be impossible to extract valuable climate information from ice cores as has been done, for instance, for the last glaciation. To better understand how the climatic signal is passed from the precipitation to the snow, we present here results from varied snow samples from East Antarctica. First, we look at the relationship between isotopes and temperature from a geographical point of view, using results from three traverses across Antarctica, to see how the relationship is built up through the distillation process. We also take advantage of these measures to see how second-order parameters (d-excess and 17O-excess) are related to δ18O and how they are controlled. d-excess increases in the interior of the continent (i.e., when δ18O decreases), due to the distillation process, whereas 17O-excess decreases in remote areas, due to kinetic fractionation at low temperature. In both cases, these changes are associated with the loss of original information regarding the source. Then, we look at the same relationships in precipitation samples collected over 1 year at Dome C and Vostok, as well as in surface snow at Dome C. We note that the slope of the δ18O vs. temperature (T) relationship decreases in these samples compared to those from the traverses, and thus caution is advocated when using spatial slopes for past climate reconstruction. The second-order parameters behave in the same way in the precipitation as in the surface snow from traverses, indicating that similar processes are active and that their interpretation in terms of source climatic parameters is strongly complicated by local temperature effects in East Antarctica. Finally we check if the same relationships between δ18O and second-order parameters are also found in the snow from four snow pits. While the d-excess remains opposed to δ18O in most snow pits, the 17O-excess is no longer positively correlated to δ18O and even shows anti-correlation to δ18O at Vostok. This may be due to a stratospheric influence at this site and/or to post-deposition processes.
Programme: 1177
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