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Author |
Florian Orgeret, Ryan R. Reisinger, Tegan Carpenter-Kling, Danielle Z. Keys, Alexandre Corbeau, Charles-André Bost, Henri Weimerskirch, Pierre A. Pistorius |
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Title |
Spatial segregation in a sexually dimorphic central place forager: Competitive exclusion or niche divergence? |
Type |
Journal |
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Year |
2021 |
Publication |
Journal of Animal Ecology |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
90 |
Issue |
10 |
Pages |
2404-2420 |
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Keywords |
bio-logging central place foraging ecological niche theory intraspecific competition kernel density estimates resource selection functions sexual segregation wandering albatross |
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Abstract  |
Sexual competition is increasingly recognized as an important selective pressure driving species distributions. However, few studies have investigated the relative importance of interpopulation versus intrapopulation competition in relation to habitat availability and selection. To explain spatial segregation between sexes that often occurs in non-territorial and central place foragers, such as seabirds, two hypotheses are commonly used. The ‘competitive exclusion’ hypothesis states that dominant individuals should exclude subordinate individuals through direct competition, whereas the ‘niche divergence’ hypothesis states that segregation occurs due to past competition and habitat specialization. We tested these hypotheses in two populations of an extreme wide-ranging and sexually dimorphic seabird, investigating the relative role of intrapopulation and interpopulation competition in influencing sex-specific distribution and habitat preferences. Using GPS loggers, we tracked 192 wandering albatrosses Diomedea exulans during four consecutive years (2016–2019), from two neighbouring populations in the Southern Ocean (Prince Edward and Crozet archipelagos). We simulated pseudo-tracks to create a null spatial distribution and used Kernel Density Estimates (KDE) and Resource Selection Functions (RSF) to distinguish the relative importance of within- versus between-population competition. Kernel Density Estimates showed that only intrapopulation sexual segregation was significant for each monitoring year, and that tracks between the two colonies resulted in greater overlap than expected from the null distribution, especially for the females. RSF confirmed these results and highlighted key at-sea foraging areas, even if the estimated of at-sea densities were extremely low. These differences in selected areas between sites and sexes were, however, associated with high interannual variability in habitat preferences, with no clear specific preferences per site and sex. Our results suggest that even with low at-sea population densities, historic intrapopulation competition in wide-ranging seabirds may have led to sexual dimorphism and niche specialization, favouring the ‘niche divergence’ hypothesis. In this study, we provide a protocol to study competition within as well as between populations of central place foragers. This is relevant for understanding their distribution patterns and population regulation, which could potentially improve management of threatened populations. |
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109,394 |
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Bachelor's thesis |
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1365-2656 |
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yes |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
8093 |
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Author |
Natasha Roy, James Woollett, Najat Bhiry, Isabel Lemus-Lauzon, Ann Delwaide, Dominique Marguerie |
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Title |
Anthropogenic and climate impacts on subarctic forests in the Nain region, Nunatsiavut: Dendroecological and historical approaches |
Type |
Journal |
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Year |
2021 |
Publication |
Écoscience |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
28 |
Issue |
3-4 |
Pages |
361-376 |
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Keywords |
approches historiques croissance démographique Dendrochronologie Dendrochronology détente de croissance radiale growth release historical approaches Nain Nunatsiavut population growth |
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Abstract |
Several recent dendrochronological, macrofossil and palynological studies have surveyed modern spruce forests at multiple locations in the Nain region of coastal Nunatsiavut (north-central Labrador) in order to reconstruct past forest composition, growth rates, species diversity and harvesting patterns. The present paper synthesizes original and previously collected data to evaluate the extent to which the dynamics of the region’s spruce forests over the past five centuries have been related to anthropogenic impacts. In three key case studies, Picea growth release events demonstrate multiple isolated forest disturbances prior to the late 19th century. In general, these events correspond to the local human settlement history rather than to regional climatic trends, suggesting that ongoing human impacts on the forest extend as far back as the 17th century. Disturbance regimes accelerated by ca 1875 and afterward in all of the study sites. This increase in forest disturbance corresponds to increased demands for wood triggered by socio-economic changes experienced by the region’s Inuit and Settler communities. Ongoing surveys demonstrate the presence of markers of human exploitation of forests throughout the study region, and especially in coastal locations, suggesting that anthropogenic impacts are in fact generalised and not limited to specific areas of recent settlement. |
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1080 |
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1195-6860 |
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yes |
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Serial |
8251 |
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Author |
Robert E. Anthony, Adam T. Ringler, Michael DuVernois, Kent R. Anderson, David C. Wilson |
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Title |
Six Decades of Seismology at South Pole, Antarctica: Current Limitations and Future Opportunities to Facilitate New Geophysical Observations |
Type |
Journal |
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Year |
2021 |
Publication |
Seismological Research Letters |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
92 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
2718-2735 |
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Abstract |
Seismograms from the South Pole have been important for seismological observations for over six decades by providing (until 2007) the only continuous seismic records from the interior of the Antarctic continent. The South Pole, Antarctica station has undergone many updates over the years, including conversion to a digital recording station as part of the Global Seismographic Network (GSN) in 1991 and being relocated to multiple deep (>250 m) boreholes 8 km away from the station in 2003 (and renamed to Quiet South Pole, Antarctica [QSPA]). Notably, QSPA is the second most used GSN station by the National Earthquake Information Center to pick phases used to rapidly detect and locate earthquakes globally, and has been used for a variety of glaciological and oceanography studies. In addition, it is the only seismic station on the Earth where low‐frequency (<5 mHz), normal‐mode oscillations of the planet excited by large earthquakes can be recorded without influence from Earth’s rotation, and most of the direct effects of the solid Earth tide vanish. However, the current sensors are largely 1980s vintage, and, while able to make some lower‐frequency observations from earthquakes, the borehole sensors appear unable to resolve ambient ground motions at frequencies lower than 25 mHz due to instrument noise and contamination from magnetic field variations. Recently developed borehole sensors offer the potential to extend background noise observations to below 3 mHz, which would substantially improve the fidelity and scientific value of seismic observations at South Pole. Through collaboration with the IceCube Neutrino Observatory, the opportunity exists to emplace a modern very broadband seismometer near the base (>2 km depth) of the Antarctic ice cap, which could lead to unprecedented seismic observations at long periods and facilitate a broad spectrum of Earth science studies. |
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133 |
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0895-0695 |
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yes |
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Serial |
8018 |
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Author |
Lucia Gualtieri, Etienne Bachmann, Frederik J Simons, Jeroen Tromp |
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Title |
Generation of secondary microseism Love waves: effects of bathymetry, 3-D structure and source seasonality |
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Year |
2021 |
Publication |
Geophysical Journal International |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
226 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
192-219 |
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Abstract |
Secondary microseisms are ubiquitous ambient noise vibrations due to ocean activity, dominating worldwide seismographic records at seismic periods between 3 and 10 s. Their origin is a heterogeneous distribution of pressure fluctuations along the ocean surface. In spherically symmetric earth models, no Love surface waves are generated by such a distributed surface source. We present global-scale modelling of three-component secondary microseisms using a spectral-element method, which naturally accounts for a realistic distribution of surface sources, topography and bathymetry, and 3-D heterogeneity in Earth’s crust and mantle. Seismic Love waves emerge naturally once the system reaches steady state. The ergodic origin of Love waves allows us to model the horizontal components of secondary microseisms for the first time. Love waves mostly originate from the interaction of the seismic wavefield with heterogeneous Earth structure in which the mantle plays an important role despite the short periods involved. Bathymetry beneath the source region produces weak horizontal forces that are responsible for a weak and diffuse Love wavefield. The effect of bathymetric force splitting into radial and horizontal components is overall negligible when compared to the effect of 3-D heterogeneity. However, we observe small and well-focused Love-wave arrivals at seismographic stations in Europe due to force splitting at the steepest portion of the North Atlantic Ridge and the ocean–continent boundary. The location of the sources of Love waves is seasonal at periods shorter than about 7 s, while seasonality is lost at the longer periods. Sources of Rayleigh and Love waves from the same storm may be located very far away, indicating that energy equipartitioning might not hold in the secondary microseism period band. |
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133 |
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0956-540X |
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yes |
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8016 |
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Author |
Morten Frederiksen, Olivier Gilg, Glenn Yannic |
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Title |
Cross-icecap spring migration confirmed in a high-Arctic seabird, the Ivory Gull Pagophila eburnea |
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Journal |
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Year |
2021 |
Publication |
Ibis |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
163 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
706-714 |
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Keywords |
ecological barrier Greenland icecap high-altitude migration |
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Abstract |
Seabirds rarely cross major terrestrial barriers during seasonal migration, possibly because they have a limited ability to build up fat stores. For the first time, we tracked two Ivory Gulls with GPS loggers during spring migration from the wintering area in Davis Strait to the breeding colony in north-east Greenland. While one bird migrated in March around the southern tip of Greenland, the other delayed migration until May and crossed the Greenland icecap north of 70°N, covering 1345 km in 29 h. Several aspects of the crossing were noteworthy: the track was remarkably direct, the bird made several stops (totalling 6 h) on the icecap, and the bird increased its flying altitude to nearly 3000 m over West Greenland and > 4000 m over East Greenland. |
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1210 |
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ISSN |
0019-1019 |
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yes |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
6348 |
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Author |
Marina Renedo, Zoyne Pedrero, David Amouroux, Yves Cherel, Paco Bustamante |
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Title |
Mercury isotopes of key tissues document mercury metabolic processes in seabirds |
Type |
Journal |
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Year |
2021 |
Publication |
Chemosphere |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
263 |
Issue |
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Pages |
127777 |
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Keywords |
Demethylation Detoxification Metabolism Methylmercury Moult |
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Abstract |
Seabirds accumulate significant amounts of mercury (Hg) due to their long-life span together with their medium to high trophic position in marine food webs. Hg speciation and Hg isotopic analyses of total Hg in different tissues (pectoral muscles, liver, brain, kidneys, blood and feathers) were assessed to investigate their detoxification mechanisms. Three species with contrasted ecological characteristics were studied: the Antarctic prion (zooplankton feeder), the white-chinned petrel (pelagic generalist consumer) and the southern giant petrel (scavenger on seabirds and marine mammals). The difference of mass-dependent fractionation (MDF, δ202Hg) values between liver and muscles (up to 0.94 ‰) in all three seabirds strongly suggests hepatic demethylation of the isotopically lighter methylmercury (MeHg) and subsequent redistribution of the isotopically heavier fraction of MeHg towards the muscles. Similarly, higher δ202Hg values in feathers (up to 1.88 ‰) relative to muscles and higher proportion of MeHg in feathers (94–97%) than muscles (30–70%) likely indicate potential MeHg demethylation in muscle and preferential excretion of MeHg (isotopically heavier) in the growing feathers during moult. The extents of these key detoxification processes were strongly dependent on the species-specific detoxification strategies and levels of dietary MeHg exposure. We also found higher mass-independent fractionation (MIF, Δ199Hg) values in feathers relative to internal tissues, possibly due to different integration times of Hg exposure between permanently active organs and inert tissues as feathers. Hg isotope variations reported in this study show evidence of detoxification processes in seabirds and propose a powerful approach for deep investigation of the Hg metabolic processes in seabirds. |
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Programme |
109 |
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0045-6535 |
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yes |
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Serial |
8084 |
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Camille Moreau, Baptiste Le Bourg, Piotr Balazy, Bruno Danis, Marc Eléaume, Quentin Jossart, Piotr Kuklinski, Gilles Lepoint, Thomas Saucède, Anton Van de Putte, Loïc N. Michel |
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Title |
Trophic markers and biometric measurements in Southern Ocean sea stars (1985–2017) |
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Journal |
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Year |
2021 |
Publication |
Ecology |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
103 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
e3611 |
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Keywords |
Antarctica Asteroidea benthos biometric measurements Echinodermata elemental contents invertebrates marine ecosystems sea stars Southern Ocean stable isotopes subantarctic Islands |
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Abstract |
Sea stars (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) are a key component of Southern Ocean benthos, with 16% of the known sea star species living there. In temperate marine environments, sea stars commonly play an important role in food webs, acting as keystone species. However, trophic ecology and functional role of Southern Ocean sea stars are still poorly known, notably due to the scarcity of large-scale studies. Here, we report 24,332 trophic marker (stable isotopes and elemental contents of C, N, and S of tegument and/or tube feet) and biometric (arm length, disk radius, arm to disk ratio) measurements in 2,456 specimens of sea stars. Samples were collected between 12 January 1985 and 8 October 2017 in numerous locations along the Antarctic littoral and subantarctic islands. The spatial scope of the data set covers a significant portion of the Southern Ocean (47.717° S to 86.273° S; 127.767° W to 162.201° E; depth, 6–5,338 m). The data set contains 133 distinct taxa, including 72 currently accepted species spanning 51 genera, 20 families, and multiple feeding guilds/functional groups (suspension feeders, sediment feeders, omnivores, predators of mobile or sessile prey). For 505 specimens, mitochondrial CO1 genes were sequenced to confirm and/or refine taxonomic identifications, and those sequences are already publicly available through the Barcode of Life Data System. This number will grow in the future, as molecular analyses are still in progress. Overall, thanks to its large taxonomic, spatial, and temporal extent, as well as its integrative nature (combining genetic, morphological, and ecological data), this data set can be of wide interest to Southern Ocean ecologists, invertebrate zoologists, benthic ecologists, and environmental managers dealing with associated areas. Please cite this data paper in research products derived from the data set, which is freely available without copyright restrictions. |
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1044 |
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1939-9170 |
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yes |
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8445 |
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Thomas Frederikse, Surendra Adhikari, Tim J. Daley, Sönke Dangendorf, Roland Gehrels, Felix Landerer, Marta Marcos, Thomas L. Newton, Graham Rush, Aimée B. A. Slangen, Guy Wöppelmann |
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Title |
Constraining 20th-Century Sea-Level Rise in the South Atlantic Ocean |
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Year |
2021 |
Publication |
Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
126 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
e2020JC016970 |
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Keywords |
data rescue salt-marsh proxies sea-level changes South Atlantic tide gauges |
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Abstract |
Sea level in the South Atlantic Ocean has only been measured at a small number of tide-gauge locations, which causes considerable uncertainty in 20th-century sea-level trend estimates in this basin. To obtain a better-constrained sea-level trend in the South Atlantic Ocean, this study aims to answer two questions. The first question is: can we combine new observations, vertical land motion estimates, and information on spatial sampling biases to obtain a likely range of 20th-century sea-level rise in the South Atlantic? We combine existing observations with recovered observations from Dakar and a high-resolution sea-level reconstruction based on salt-marsh sediments from the Falkland Islands and find that the rate of sea-level rise in the South Atlantic has likely been between 1.1 and 2.2 mm year−1 (5%–95% confidence intervals), with a central estimate of 1.6 mm year−1. This rate is on the high side, but not statistically different compared to global-mean trends from recent reconstructions. The second question is: are there any physical processes that could explain a large deviation from the global-mean sea-level trend in the South Atlantic? Sterodynamic (changes in ocean dynamics and steric effects) and gravitation, rotation, and deformation effects related to ice mass loss and land water storage have probably led to a 20th-century sea-level trend in the South Atlantic above the global mean. Both observations and physical processes thus suggest that 20th-century sea-level rise in the South Atlantic has been about 0.3 mm year−1 above the rate of global-mean sea-level rise, although even with the additional observations, the uncertainties are still too large to distinguish a statistically significant difference. |
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688 |
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ISSN |
2169-9291 |
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yes |
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8603 |
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Author |
Richard D. Ray, Bryant D. Loomis, Victor Zlotnicki |
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Title |
The mean seasonal cycle in relative sea level from satellite altimetry and gravimetry |
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Journal |
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Year |
2021 |
Publication |
Journal of Geodesy |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
95 |
Issue |
7 |
Pages |
80 |
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Keywords |
Annual geocenter motion Annual land motion Annual/semiannual cycle Satellite altimetry |
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Abstract |
Satellite altimetry and gravimetry are used to determine the mean seasonal cycle in relative sea level, a quantity relevant to coastal flooding and related applications. The main harmonics (annual, semiannual, terannual) are estimated from 25 years of gridded altimetry, while several conventional altimeter “corrections” (gravitational tide, pole tide, and inverted barometer) are restored. To transform from absolute to relative sea levels, a model of vertical land motion is developed from a high-resolution seasonal mass inversion estimated from satellite gravimetry. An adjustment for annual geocenter motion accounts for use of a center-of-mass reference frame in satellite orbit determination. A set of 544 test tide gauges, from which seasonal harmonics have been estimated from hourly measurements, is used to assess how accurately each adjustment to the altimeter data helps converge the results to true relative sea levels. At these gauges, the median annual and semiannual amplitudes are 7.1 cm and 2.2 cm, respectively. The root-mean-square differences with altimetry are 3.24 and 1.17 cm, respectively, which are reduced to 1.93 and 0.86 cm after restoration of corrections and adjustment for land motion. Example outliers highlight some limitations of present-day coastal altimetry owing to inadequate spatial resolution: upwelling and currents off Oregon and wave setup at Minamitori Island. |
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688 |
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ISSN |
1432-1394 |
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yes |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
8610 |
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Author |
W. J. Sydeman, D. S. Schoeman, S. A. Thompson, B. A. Hoover, M. García-Reyes, F. Daunt, P. Agnew, T. Anker-Nilssen, C. Barbraud, R. Barrett, P. H. Becker, E. Bell, P. D. Boersma, S. Bouwhuis, B. Cannell, R. J. M. Crawford, P. Dann, K. Delord, G. Elliott, K. E. Erikstad, E. Flint, R. W. Furness, M. P. Harris, S. Hatch, K. Hilwig, J. T. Hinke, J. Jahncke, J. A. Mills, T. K. Reiertsen, H. Renner, R. B. Sherley, C. Surman, G. Taylor, J. A. Thayer, P. N. Trathan, E. Velarde, K. Walker, S. Wanless, P. Warzybok, Y. Watanuki |
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Title |
Hemispheric asymmetry in ocean change and the productivity of ecosystem sentinels |
Type |
Journal |
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Year |
2021 |
Publication |
Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
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372 |
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6545 |
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980-983 |
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Sampling seabirds The vastness of the worlds' oceans makes them difficult to monitor. Seabirds that forage and breed across oceans globally have been recognized as sentinels of ocean health. Sydeman et al. looked across seabird species of both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres and found varying patterns. Northern Hemisphere species exhibited greater signs of stress and reduced breeding success, indicative of low fish resources. Southern Hemisphere species showed less impact on reproductive output, suggesting that the fish populations there have thus far been less disturbed. The differences across hemispheres indicate different strategies for conservation, with active recovery needed in the north and enhanced protection in the south. Science, abf1772, this issue p. 980 Climate change and other human activities are causing profound effects on marine ecosystem productivity. We show that the breeding success of seabirds is tracking hemispheric differences in ocean warming and human impacts, with the strongest effects on fish-eating, surface-foraging species in the north. Hemispheric asymmetry suggests the need for ocean management at hemispheric scales. For the north, tactical, climate-based recovery plans for forage fish resources are needed to recover seabird breeding productivity. In the south, lower-magnitude change in seabird productivity presents opportunities for strategic management approaches such as large marine protected areas to sustain food webs and maintain predator productivity. Global monitoring of seabird productivity enables the detection of ecosystem change in remote regions and contributes to our understanding of marine climate impacts on ecosystems. The breeding success of seabirds is tracking hemispheric differences in ocean warming and human impacts. The breeding success of seabirds is tracking hemispheric differences in ocean warming and human impacts. |
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0036-8075, 1095-9203 |
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yes |
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7980 |
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