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Aurore Ponchon, Amandine Gamble, Jérémy Tornos, Karine Delord, Christophe Barbraud, Justin M. J. Travis, Henri Weimerskirch, Thierry Boulinier |
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Title |
Similar at-sea behaviour but different habitat use between failed and successful breeding albatrosses |
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Journal |
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Year |
2021 |
Publication |
Marine Ecology Progress Series |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
678 |
Issue |
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Pages |
183-196 |
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Keywords |
Behavioural state Breeding failure Foraging behaviour Habitat models Inter-individual variability Procellariiformes Thalassarche carteri |
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Abstract  |
Breeding failure is expected to induce behavioural changes in central place foragers. Indeed, after a failed reproductive attempt, breeding individuals are relieved from having to return to their breeding site for reproductive duties and thus are less constrained than successful breeders in their movements during the remainder of the breeding season. Accordingly, they are expected to adjust their behaviour, travelling longer in distance and/or time to reach foraging grounds. They are also expected to use different foraging areas to decrease local intra-specific competition with successful breeders. We compared the at-sea behaviour and habitat use of successful and failed Indian yellow-nosed albatrosses nesting in Amsterdam Island, Southern Indian Ocean, during 2 chick-rearing seasons. Failed breeders exhibited the same at-sea foraging behaviour, travelling as far and as long as successful breeders. They also spent the same amount of time on their nest between at-sea trips. Nevertheless, habitat models revealed partial spatial segregation of failed breeders, which used specific foraging areas characterized by deeper and colder waters in addition to the areas they shared with successful breeders. Our study shows the importance of combining a range of analytical methods (spatial analysis, behavioural inferences with advanced movement models and habitat models) to infer the at-sea behaviour and habitat use of seabirds. It also stresses the importance of considering individual breeding status when aiming to understand the spatial distribution of individuals, especially when this information may have conservation implications. |
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0171-8630, 1616-1599 |
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yes |
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8436 |
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John P. Whiteman, Seth D. Newsome, Paco Bustamante, Yves Cherel, Keith A. Hobson |
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Title |
Quantifying capital versus income breeding: New promise with stable isotope measurements of individual amino acids |
Type |
Journal |
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Year |
2021 |
Publication |
Journal of Animal Ecology |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
90 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
1408-1418 |
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Keywords |
carbon-13 compound-specific isotope analysis CSIA discrimination fasting fractionation nitrogen-15 |
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Abstract |
Capital breeders accumulate nutrients prior to egg development, then use these stores to support offspring development. In contrast, income breeders rely on local nutrients consumed contemporaneously with offspring development. Understanding such nutrient allocations is critical to assessing life-history strategies and habitat use. Despite the contrast between these strategies, it remains challenging to trace nutrients from endogenous stores or exogenous food intake into offspring. Here, we tested a new solution to this problem. Using tissue samples collected opportunistically from wild emperor penguins Aptenodytes forsteri, which exemplify capital breeding, we hypothesized that the stable carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) isotope values of individual amino acids (AAs) in endogenous stores (e.g. muscle) and in egg yolk and albumen reflect the nutrient sourcing that distinguishes capital versus income breeding. Unlike other methods, this approach does not require untested assumptions or diet sampling. We found that over half of essential AAs had δ13C values that did not differ between muscle and yolk or albumen, suggesting that most of these AAs were directly routed from muscle into eggs. In contrast, almost all non-essential AAs differed in δ13C values between muscle and yolk or between muscle and albumen, suggesting de novo synthesis. Over half of AAs that have labile nitrogen atoms (i.e. ‘trophic’ AA) had higher δ15N values in yolk and albumen than in muscle, suggesting that they were transaminated during their routing into egg tissue. This effect was smaller for AAs with less labile nitrogen atoms (i.e. ‘source’ AA). Our results indicate that the δ15N offset between trophic-source AAs (Δ15Ntrophic-source) may provide an index of the extent of capital breeding. The value of emperor penguin Δ15NPro-Phe was higher in yolk and albumen than in muscle, reflecting the mobilization of endogenous stores; in comparison, the value of Δ15NPro-Phe was similar across muscle and egg tissue in previously published data for income-breeding herring gulls Larus argentatus smithsonianus. Our results provide a quantitative basis for using AA δ13C and δ15N, and isotopic offsets among AAs (e.g. Δ15NPro-Phe), to explore the allocation of endogenous versus exogenous nutrients across the capital versus income spectrum of avian reproduction. |
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109 |
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1365-2656 |
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yes |
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7945 |
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L. Aulus-Giacosa, F. Guéraud, P. Gaudin, M. Buoro, J. C. Aymes, J. Labonne, M. Vignon |
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Title |
Human influence on brown trout juvenile body size during metapopulation expansion |
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Journal |
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Year |
2021 |
Publication |
Biology Letters |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
17 |
Issue |
10 |
Pages |
20210366 |
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Keywords |
brown trout density dependence dispersal invasion biology subantarctic |
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Abstract |
Change in body size can be driven by social (density) and non-social (environmental and spatial variation) factors. In expanding metapopulations, spatial sorting by means of dispersal on the expansion front can further drive the evolution of body size. However, human intervention can dramatically affect these founder effects. Using long-term monitoring of the colonization of the remote Kerguelen islands by brown trout, a facultative anadromous salmonid, we analyse body size variation in 32 naturally founded and 10 human-introduced populations over 57 years. In naturally founded populations, we find that spatial sorting promotes slow positive changes in body size on the expansion front, then that body size decreases as populations get older and local density increases. This pattern is, however, completely different in human-introduced populations, where body size remains constant or even increases as populations get older. The present findings confirm that changes in body size can be affected by metapopulation expansion, but that human influence, even in very remote environments, can fully alter this process. |
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1041 |
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8373 |
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Alain Royer, Florent Domine, Alexandre Roy, Alexandre Langlois, Nicolas Marchand, Gautier Davesne |
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Title |
New northern snowpack classification linked to vegetation cover on a latitudinal mega-transect across northeastern Canada |
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Year |
2021 |
Publication |
Écoscience |
Abbreviated Journal |
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1-18 |
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classification de la couverture de neige Gradient latitudinal interactions neige-végétation Latitudinal gradient propriétés de la neige snow cover classification snow–vegetation interaction snowpack properties |
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Abstract |
Changes in mass, extent, duration, and physical properties of snow are key elements for studying associated climate change feedbacks in northern regions. In this study, we analyzed snowpack physical properties along a ‘mega’ transect from 47°N to 83°N (4,000 km) in northeastern Canada, which includes marked transitions between ecozones from boreal forest to subarctic and arctic ecosystems. Our unique dataset of 391 detailed snowpits acquired over the last 20 years, complemented with snow data from weather stations, shows that snowpack properties such as snow water equivalent, snow depth, density, grain size and basal depth hoar fraction (DHF) are strongly linked to vegetation type. Based on these results, we propose an updated classification of snow types in three classes: boreal forest snow (47–58°N), tundra snow (58–74°N) and polar desert snow (74–83°N), which is more appropriate to the study area than the general north hemisphere classification commonly used. We also show that shrub presence along the transect contributes to a significant increase in DHF development which contributes most strongly to the thermal insulation properties of the snowpack. Overall, our analysis suggests that snow–vegetation interactions have a positive feedback effect on warming at northern latitudes. |
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1042 |
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1195-6860 |
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1195-6860 |
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yes |
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7971 |
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Peter S. Ungar, Lindsay Saylor, Aleksandr A. Sokolov, Natalia A. Sokolova, Olivier Gilg, Sophie Montuire, Aurélien Royer |
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Title |
Incisor microwear of Arctic rodents as a proxy for microhabitat preference |
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Year |
2021 |
Publication |
Mammalian Biology |
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Volume |
101 |
Issue |
6 |
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1033-1052 |
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Arctic Environment Habitats Narrow-headed vole Russia Siberian lemming Tooth wear Tundra Yamal Peninsula |
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Abstract |
Changing environmental conditions in the Arctic make it important to document and understand habitat preferences and flexibility of vulnerable high-latitude mammals. Indirect proxies are especially useful for elusive species, such as rodents. This study explores incisor microwear as an indicator of variation in behavior and microhabitat use in Siberian lemmings (Lemmus sibiricus) and narrow-headed voles (Lasiopodomys gregalis) from the Yamal Peninsula, Russia. Fifty-nine individuals were sampled at four sites along a latitudinal gradient from forest-tundra ecotone to high-Arctic tundra. Lemmings are present at the northernmost site, voles at the southernmost site, and both species at the middle two. Lemmus sibiricus prefers wet, mossy lowland, whereas La. gregalis favors drier thickets and more open microhabitats and burrows underground. Feature-based analyses indicate higher densities of features and more uniformly oriented striations for voles than lemmings at sites with both species. The species also differ significantly in microwear texture attributes suggesting larger features for lemmings, and smaller ones, but more of them, for voles. While no texture differences were found between sites within species, voles from sites with open tundra have higher striation densities than those from the forest-tundra ecotone. Furthermore, lemmings from open tundra sites have higher striation densities than those from the water-saturated, moss-covered northernmost site. While microhabitat preferences and burrowing by voles likely contribute to differences between species, variation within seems to reflect habitat variation given differences in abrasive loads between sites. This suggests that incisor microwear patterning can be used to track microhabitat differences among Arctic rodent populations. |
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1036 |
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1618-1476 |
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yes |
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8377 |
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Guillaume Hubert |
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Title |
Analyses of the Secondary Cosmic Ray using CCD camera in high-altitude observatories and Antarctica stations |
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Peer-reviewed symposium |
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2021 |
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395 |
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1238 |
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Array Pixel Sensors (APS) Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) |
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Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) and Array Pixel Sensors (APS) can be used to image radiation-induced energy deposition. The high sensitivity of depleted silicon to ionizing radiation constitutes an opportunity to investigate radiation effects while it is a nuisance to astronomer activities. CCD and APS provide a better combination of spatial and intensity resolution for radiation events than other available types of detector. This paper proposes to analyze radiation events observed in the CCD camera and more specifically analyses of charge deposition spectra and spatially extensive events. Measurements were performed in the Pic du Midi from 2011 to 2015 and in the Concordia Antarctica station since 2018. Coupled transport models (i.e. particle transport and charge transport in semiconductors) allow investigating contributions to charge collection spectra as a function of the particle nature, i.e. neutron, proton and muon. Coupled measurements and simulations allow to access to the detected secondary CR flux and the charge deposition pattern. Results showed that high charge level events seen on atmospheric sites can be considered as hadronic component (mainly neutrons and protons) while low charge levels and punctual events are induced by muons which are able to generate up to 3 fC in the CCD camera. Hence, thanks to double level of measurement sites, muon discrimination from other secondary particles has been investigated. Cross-comparison analyses based on CCD and neutron spectrometers operated in both station/observatory investigate secondary CR dynamic. |
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8325 |
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Cyrielle Solis (Based In Lsce, Internship Will Be Supervised Both By Lsce - Amaelle Landais, Françoise Vimeux -, And Ige - Olivier Magand-, Laboratories) |
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Title |
Isotopic signature of atmospheric dynamics on the island of Amsterdam and link to large-scale moisture transport |
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Master 2 |
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2021 |
Publication |
Internship from man and biosphere master |
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Climate And Water Cycle Reconstruction Over The Last Centuries And Prediction Should Be Improved In The Southern Hemisphere (E.g. Last Ipcc Report). First, Direct Observations Are Scarce (E.g. In Antarctica, Mainly Basic Automatic Weather Station – Aws – Only Since The 50’s And Satellite Observations). As A Consequence, Climate And Water Cycle Reconstructions Are Largely Dependent On Proxy Measurements Such As Water Isotopes In Polar Ice Cores, Even Over The Last Century. Second, Climate And Water Cycle Reconstructions Using Models Should Be Improved. In Particular, Problems Have Been Identified For (1) Estimation Of Precipitation Amounts (Large Discrepancies Among Models Over The Austral Ocean And The Ice-sheet), (2) Description Of Particular Atmospheric Processes Associated With Cloud Microphysics And Exchanges Between Surface And Atmosphere In Polar Regions And (3) Seasonal To Interannual Evolution Of The Locations Of The Westerlies And Subtropical Jet And Associated Air Mass Trajectories. The Last Aspect Has Important Direct Consequences For The Atmospheric Dynamics In This Region But Also Indirect Consequences Such As The Links Between Westerlies, Co2 Outgassing And Sea Ice Extent In The Austral Ocean (Saunders Et Al. 2018; Menviel Et Al. 2018; Holland And Kwok, 2012). With The Objectives To Provide (1) A Better Description Of Water Cycle Dynamic In The Southern Ocean At Annual And Interannual Scales And (2) An Improved Transfer Function Between Climate / Water Cycle And Water Isotopes In This Region, A Bunch Of Instruments Measuring Continuously The Isotopic Composition Of Water In The Water Vapor And In The Precipitation Has Been Installed Over The Last Years Along A Transect From La Réunion To Antarctica.first Results From The Antarctic Instruments Reveal Clear Isotopic Signatures Of Large Scale Water Cycle Features Such As Atmospheric Rivers Dominating The Surface Mass Balance In Antarctica. In La Réunion, An Extensive Study Of The Drivers Of The Isotopic Composition Of The Water Vapor Showed That The Influence Of The Subtropical Westerly Jet Dominates The Water Isotopic Signal At Night. To Connect The Two Regions, An Instrument Is Running On Amsterdam Island Since November 2019 With First Results Showing A Clear Isotopic Signature During The High Pressure And Low Pressure Synoptic Events. Still, No In-depth Study Of The Data Trying To Connect The Isotopic Record In Amsterdam Island To Larger Scale Patterns Of The Water Cycle Has Been Initiated.the Goal Of This Internship Is To Provide The First Analyses Of The Isotopic (Water Vapor And Precipitation) Records On Amsterdam Island With A Comparison With Meteorological Data And Environmental Data Collected In Parallel On The Observatory Of Amsterdam Island (E.g. Gaseous Elemental Mercury). After These First Analyses Of The Data, Comparisons Will Be Performed With Water Isotopic Records In La Réunion Over Selected Events (Subtropical Jet Or Cold Fronts Intrusions). This Study Will Involve Analyses Of Meteorological Maps As Well As Backtrajectories.this Internship Requires Skills For (Python Or R Languages) And Involves Large Interactions Within A Large Research Team. |
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1028 |
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8056 |
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Lemonnier C, Schull Q, Stier A, Boonstra R, Delahanty B, Lefol E, Durand L, Robin Jp, Criscuolo F, Bize P, Viblanc Va |
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Title |
Coping with socially stressful environments in colonial seabirds: a test of adaptive phenotype programming in king penguins |
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Peer-reviewed symposium |
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2021 |
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17émes journées scientifiques du cnfra, 26-27 mai 202, paris, france. oral, actes du colloque. |
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Coloniality is associated with various benefits and costs for animals affecting their fitness. Breeding colonies are heterogeneous both in terms of physical and social parameters, thus, breeding territories are of different quality relative to their location within the colony. In king penguins, increased conspecific density has been correlated with increased stress level in individual birds, suggesting a cost of colonial breeding. We used a cross-fostering approach to question the relationship linking breeding location, phenotype and reproduction success. We crossfostered eggs shortly after laying within and between high-and low-density colony areas. This design allowed us to unravel the influences of early genetic and maternal effects together with rearing environments on chick growth trajectories, stress physiology and survival. We tested whether chick phenotype is determined at birth to match their early environment or if higher social density conferred an advantage for reproduction. |
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8105 |
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Jean-Pierre Féral, Marc Verlaque, Sebastián Rosenfeld, Elie Poulin, Anne Chenuil, Thomas Saucède |
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Title |
The Marine Vegetation of the Kerguelen Islands: History of Scientific Campaigns, Inventory of the Flora and First Analysis of Its Biogeographical Affinities |
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2021 |
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Cryptogamie, Algologie |
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42 |
Issue |
12 |
Pages |
173-216 |
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Abstract |
Conceived as a baseline for the management and conservation of the marine protected area of the French Southern Territories (réserve naturelle nationale des Terres australes françaises), the checklist of marine macroalgae of the Kerguelen Islands was updated based on an extensive review of the literature and scientific databases, from the first report of the Ross expedition, in 1840, to the most recent works. This work was also conceived as a starting point for forthcoming investigations using molecular systematics tools and for monitoring the effects of global change on sub-Antarctic marine ecosystems. After a brief history of scientific campaigns, a list of 166 species was established (103 Rhodophyta, 35 Chlorophyta and 28 Ochrophyta [Phaeophyceae]). Molecular systematics studiess have shown the existence of recurrent discrepancies between the established, morphology-based taxonomy and molecular species delimitation, calling for a revision of systematics. Nevertheless, a first analysis of biogeographical affinities of the marine flora of the Kerguelen Islands is carried out and preliminary results are partially congruent with the main regions currently recognized in the Southern Ocean suggesting the importance of long-distance dispersal to explain the observed distribution patterns. |
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1044 |
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0181-1568, 1776-0984 |
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8440 |
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Benjamin Pohl, Thomas Saucède, Vincent Favier, Julien Pergaud, Deborah Verfaillie, Jean-Pierre Féral, Ylber Krasniqi, Yves Richard |
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Title |
Recent Climate Variability around the Kerguelen Islands (Southern Ocean) Seen through Weather Regimes |
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2021 |
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Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology |
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60 |
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5 |
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711-731 |
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Abstract |
Daily Weather Regimes Are Defined Around The Kerguelen Islands (Southern Ocean) On The Basis Of Daily 500-hpa Geopotential Height Anomalies Derived From The Era5 Ensemble Reanalysis Over The Period 1979–2018. Ten Regimes Are Retained As Significant. Their Occurrences Are Highly Consistent Across Reanalysis Ensemble Members. Regimes Show Weak Seasonality And Nonsignificant Long-term Trends In Their Occurrences. Their Sequences Are Usually Short (1–3 Days), With Extreme Persistence Values Above 10 Days. Seasonal Regime Frequency Is Mostly Driven By The Phase Of The Southern Annular Mode Over Antarctica, Midlatitude Dynamics Over The Southern Ocean Such As The Pacific–south American Mode, And, To A Lesser Extent, Tropical Variability, With Significant But Weaker Relationships With El Niño–southern Oscillation. At The Local Scale Over The Kerguelen Islands, Regimes Have A Strong Influence On Measured Atmospheric And Oceanic Variables, Including Minimum And Maximum Air Temperature, Mostly Driven By Horizontal Advections, Seawater Temperature Recorded 5 M Below The Surface, Wind Speed, And Sea Level Pressure. Relationships Are Weaker For Precipitation Amounts. Regimes Also Modify Regional Contrasts Between Observational Sites In Kerguelen, Highlighting Strong Exposure Contrasts. The Regimes Allow Us To Improve Our Understanding Of Weather And Climate Variability And Interactions In This Region; They Will Be Used In Future Work To Assess Past And Projected Long-term Circulation Changes In The Southern Midlatitudes. |
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688,1044,1048 |
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Bachelor's thesis |
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1558-8424 |
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yes |
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8003 |
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