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Author |
David Byrne, Jeff Polton, Colin Bell |
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Title |
Creation of a global tide analysis dataset: Application of NEMO and an offline objective analysis scheme |
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Year |
2021 |
Publication |
Journal of Operational Oceanography |
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1-14 |
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Abstract  |
The accurate prediction of tides is vital for the operation of many industries, early warning of coastal flooding and scientific understanding of ocean processes. In this paper, we describe the creation method of a global dataset of tidal harmonics using NEMO (Nucleus for European Modelling of the Ocean) for the first time and an offline objective analysis scheme. Data are assimilated as part of a post-processing step, reducing the computational resources required. A reduced ensemble of tidal harmonics is generated, where each member is run for a shorter period of time than a central background state. This ensemble is used to estimate a single background covariance state, which is used for analysis. Output is validated using an ensemble of objective analyses. For each ensemble member, random selections of observations are omitted and validation is performed at these locations. Improvements in both Mean Absolute Error (MAE) and correlation coefficients (R2) are seen across all 6 of the largest diurnal and semi-diurnal constituents. MAEs in amplitude and phase are reduced by up to 78% and 89%, respectively, and correlations by as much as 0.14. In addition, the majority of locations (between 70 and 80%) see significant improvement. |
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688 |
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1755-876X |
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1755-876X |
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yes |
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Serial |
8338 |
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Author |
G. Hubert, S. Aubry |
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Title |
Study of the Impact of Past Extreme Solar Events on the Modern Air Traffic |
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Year |
2021 |
Publication |
Space Weather |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
19 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
e2020SW002665 |
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Abstract |
The ancient solar energetic particle (SEP) events of 774/775 CE and 993/994 CE were characterized thanks to radionuclide productions stored in environmental archives as ice cores or tree rings. Primary cosmic ray spectra deduced from these cosmogenic isotope data indicate that the impact of these extreme SEP events would have been much more significant than any of the ones observed during the modern era. However, the impact of these should be studied more accurately in the framework of the ambient dose equivalent impacting aircrew and passengers in the air traffic context by considering physical parameters such as time profile or anisotropy properties. In this study, the impact that 774/775 CE and 993/994 CE past extreme SEP events could have had on modern air traffic is discussed. Possible event spectra for these ancient events are derived from the spectra ground-level enhancement (GLE) 5 and GLE 69, which have been observed during the modern era and have been widely studied/characterized using measurements. The investigations include the impact of the SEP activity on ambient dose equivalent, including detailed analyses considering route, airplane characteristics (departure, arrival, continent, airplane type), and the time occurrence of the SEP event. Statistical analyses show that additional dose levels can reach values on the order of 70 mSv, which is absolutely significant considering the current air traffic recommendations. The orders of magnitude of the ambient dose equivalent induced during past extreme SEP events raises a number of issues, both for aircrews and for avionics hardware. This study demonstrates that simulations can be useful for the evaluation of risks in case of extreme SEP events. |
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1112 |
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1542-7390 |
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yes |
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7934 |
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J. Rojas, J. Duprat, C. Engrand, E. Dartois, L. Delauche, M. Godard, M. Gounelle, J. D. Carrillo-Sánchez, P. Pokorný, J. M. C. Plane |
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Title |
The micrometeorite flux at Dome C (Antarctica), monitoring the accretion of extraterrestrial dust on Earth |
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Year |
2021 |
Publication |
Earth and Planetary Science Letters |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
560 |
Issue |
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Pages |
116794 |
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Keywords |
Antarctic micrometeorites atmospheric entry cosmic spherules extraterrestrial flux interplanetary dust particles zodiacal cloud |
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Abstract |
The annual flux of extraterrestrial material on Earth is largely dominated by sub-millimetre particles. The mass distribution and absolute value of this cosmic dust flux at the Earth's surface is however still uncertain due to the difficulty in monitoring both the collection efficiency and the exposure parameter (i.e. the area-time product in m2.yr). In this paper, we present results from micrometeorite collections originating from the vicinity of the CONCORDIA Station located at Dome C (Antarctica), where we performed several independent melts of large volumes of ultra-clean snow. The regular precipitation rate and the exceptional cleanliness of the snow from central Antarctica allow a unique control on both the exposure parameter and the collection efficiency. A total of 1280 unmelted micrometeorites (uMMs) and 808 cosmic spherules (CSs) with diameters ranging from 30 to 350 μm were identified. Within that size range, we measured mass fluxes of 3.0 μg.m−2.yr−1 for uMMs and 5.6 μg.m−2.yr−1 for CSs. Extrapolated to the global flux of particles in the 12-700 μm diameter range, the mass flux of dust at Earth's surface is 5,200±12001500 tons.yr−1 (1,600±500 and 3,600±7001000 tons.yr−1 of uMMs and CSs, respectively). We indicate the statistical uncertainties expected for collections with exposure parameters in the range of 0.1 up to 105 m2.yr. In addition, we estimated the flux of altered and unaltered carbon carried by heated and un-heated particles at Earth's surface. The mass distributions of CSs and uMMs larger than 100 μm are fairly well reproduced by the CABMOD-ZoDy model that includes melting and evaporation during atmospheric entry of the interplanetary dust flux. These numerical simulations suggest that most of the uMMs and CSs originate from Jupiter family comets and a minor part from the main asteroid belt. The total dust mass input before atmospheric entry is estimated at 15,000 tons.yr−1. The existing discrepancy between the flux data and the model for uMMs below 100 μm suggests that small fragile uMMs may evade present day collections, and/or that the amount of small interplanetary particles at 1 AU may be smaller than expected. |
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1120 |
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0012-821X |
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yes |
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Serial |
8244 |
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Jonathan D. Wille, Vincent Favier, Irina V. Gorodetskaya, Cécile Agosta, Christoph Kittel, Jai Chowdhry Beeman, Nicolas C. Jourdain, Jan T. M. Lenaerts, Francis Codron |
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Title |
Antarctic Atmospheric River Climatology and Precipitation Impacts |
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Year |
2021 |
Publication |
Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres |
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Volume |
126 |
Issue |
8 |
Pages |
e2020JD033788 |
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Keywords |
Antarctica atmospheric rivers climatology meteorology |
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Abstract |
The Antarctic ice sheet (AIS) is sensitive to short-term extreme meteorological events that can leave long-term impacts on the continent's surface mass balance (SMB). We investigate the impacts of atmospheric rivers (ARs) on the AIS precipitation budget using an AR detection algorithm and a regional climate model (Modèle Atmosphérique Régional) from 1980 to 2018. While ARs and their associated extreme vapor transport are relatively rare events over Antarctic coastal regions (∼3 days per year), they have a significant impact on the precipitation climatology. ARs are responsible for at least 10% of total accumulated snowfall across East Antarctica (localized areas reaching 20%) and a majority of extreme precipitation events. Trends in AR annual frequency since 1980 are observed across parts of AIS, most notably an increasing trend in Dronning Maud Land; however, interannual variability in AR frequency is much larger. This AR behavior appears to drive a significant portion of annual snowfall trends across East Antarctica, while controlling the interannual variability of precipitation across most of the AIS. AR landfalls are most likely when the circumpolar jet is highly amplified during blocking conditions in the Southern Ocean. There is a fingerprint of the Southern Annular Mode (SAM) on AR variability in West Antarctica with SAM+ (SAM−) favoring increased AR frequency in the Antarctic Peninsula (Amundsen-Ross Sea coastline). Given the relatively large influence ARs have on precipitation across the continent, it is advantageous for future studies of moisture transport to Antarctica to consider an AR framework especially when considering future SMB changes. |
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411 |
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2169-8996 |
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yes |
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Serial |
8327 |
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Author |
G. Hubert, S. Aubry |
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Title |
Simulation of atmospheric cosmic-rays and their impacts based on pre-calculated databases, physical models and computational methods |
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Year |
2021 |
Publication |
Journal of Computational Science |
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Volume |
51 |
Issue |
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Pages |
101307 |
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Keywords |
Ambient dose equivalent Atmospheric cosmic-rays Cosmogenic nuclide production Multi-physics Single event effect |
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Abstract |
The atmospheric cosmic-ray environment is composed of secondary particles produced when primary cosmic rays interact with the nucleus of atmospheric atoms. Modeling of atmospheric radiations is essential for investigating their impacts on human activities such as radiation risks in aviation or scientific fields such as cosmogenic dating. The nuclear transport codes are a common and accurate way to model the cosmic ray interaction in the atmosphere with minimal approximations. However, tracking all produced secondary particles in each event in the whole depth of the atmosphere and sampling many events to obtain the statistically meaningful results would be a computational challenge and disadvantageous from the point of view of time consumption. This paper presents a computational platform names ATMOS CORE based on pre-calculated databases coupled to physical models and computational methods. The fields of application concern the atmospheric cosmic-rays characterization as well as their effects on electronics systems, on the ambient dose for aircrews or the cosmogenic nuclide production for dating activities. Some comparisons between simulations and measurements are also presented and discussed. |
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1112 |
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1877-7503 |
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yes |
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Serial |
7957 |
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Author |
Juan Pedro Rodríguez-López, Brigitte Van Vliet-Lanoë, Jerónimo López-Martínez, Rebeca Martín-García |
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Title |
Scouring by rafted ice and cryogenic patterned ground preserved in a Palaeoproterozoic equatorial proglacial lagoon succession, eastern India, Nuna supercontinent |
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Year |
2021 |
Publication |
Marine and Petroleum Geology |
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123 |
Issue |
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Pages |
104766 |
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Keywords |
Ice-rafted debris Iceberg scouring India Palaeoproterozoic Permafrost Proglacial Reticulate ice |
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Abstract |
The Chaibasa Formation contains the oldest known record of ploughmarks formed by rafted ice preserved on Earth. The Palaeoproterozoic (Orosirian-Rhyacian, 1.86–2.1 Ga) Chaibasa Formation in the Dhalbhumgarh area, eastern India, represents sedimentation in an ice-contact proglacial lagoon affected by iceberg (bits and growlers) calving and lake-ice rafting. Ice scouring, both on muddy and sandy substrates, as well as ice “rosettes” developed as consequence of the ploughing action of floating icebergs that were moved by wind, meltwater floods and tidal currents on soft sediments. Muddy flats surrounding the proglacial lagoon underwent seasonal deep freezing conditions developing cryogenic patterned ground containing reticulate ice, ice veins and sand wedges, suggesting the occurrence of proglacial permafrost areas coeval with Proterozoic glaciers. The central part of the proglacial lagoon was characterized by deposition of glacial varves punctuated by pebble and cobble size angular dropstones accumulated in the basin as ice-rafted debris from floating ice. Evidences provided in this paper reinforced the idea that 1.86–2.1 Ga ago glacial conditions prevailed after the supposed ending of the Huronian glaciation. This paper provides detailed examples that can be used to recognize possible floating/drifted ice scours in other Precambrian successions, as these elements have largely passed undetected, being probably widely reported in the literature as generic soft-sediment deformation structures. Similar soft-sediment deformations from Precambrian clastic depositional systems should be re-evaluated as there is a significant possibility that most of the Precambrian iceberg-related structures had escape notice, as originally suggested Eyles et al. in 1997. |
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316 |
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ISSN |
0264-8172 |
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yes |
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Serial |
6471 |
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Author |
Guillaume Hubert |
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Title |
Continuously Measurements of Energy Spectra of Cosmic-Ray-induced-neutrons on the Concordia Antarctic Station for the period 2015-2021 |
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Year |
2021 |
Publication |
Proceedings of 37th International Cosmic Ray Conference — PoS(ICRC2021) |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
395 |
Issue |
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Pages |
1263 |
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Abstract |
The CHINSTRAP (Continuous High-altitude Investigation of the Neutron Spectra for Terrestrial Radiation Antarctic Project) supported by the French Polar Agency (IPEV) aims at recording cosmic-ray (CR) induced-neutron spectra at the Concordia station since December 2015. The neutron spectrometer measures the neutron spectrum over a wide energy range from meV up to tens of GeV with a short time resolution. Several parameters can influence the measurement, including systematic and environmental effects such as the atmospheric pressure, the hydrometric environment close to the instrument and the atmospheric water vapor. This paper presents CR induced neutrons measurements analyses from 2015 to 2021 in Concordia, integrating corrections to take into account environmental and systematic effects. Long-term and short-term analyses are proposed, applied to count rate, fluxes and spectra. A last part investigates the contribution of modelling to data analyses and the ability to deduce the solar modulation from neutron spectra and the radiation field extrapolation using nuclear transport in atmosphere. An underlying objective is also to improve physical models allowing analyses of continuous and simultaneously measurements of CR induced neutrons spectra. |
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1112 |
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yes |
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Serial |
8516 |
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Tammy E. Davies, Ana P.B. Carneiro, Marguerite Tarzia, Ewan Wakefield, Janos C. Hennicke, Morten Frederiksen, Erpur Snær Hansen, Bruna Campos, Carolina Hazin, Ben Lascelles, Tycho Anker-Nilssen, Hólmfríður Arnardóttir, Robert T. Barrett, Manuel Biscoito, Loïc Bollache, Thierry Boulinier, Paulo Catry, Filipe R. Ceia, Olivier Chastel, Signe Christensen-Dalsgaard, Marta Cruz-Flores, Jóhannis Danielsen, Francis Daunt, Euan Dunn, Carsten Egevang, Ana Isabel Fagundes, Annette L. Fayet, Jérôme Fort, Robert W. Furness, Olivier Gilg, Jacob González-Solís, José Pedro Granadeiro, David Grémillet, Tim Guilford, Sveinn Are Hanssen, Michael P. Harris, April Hedd, Nicholas Per Huffeldt, Mark Jessopp, Yann Kolbeinsson, Johannes Krietsch, Johannes Lang, Jannie Fries Linnebjerg, Svein-Håkon Lorentsen, Jeremy Madeiros, Ellen Magnusdottir, Mark L. Mallory, Laura McFarlane Tranquilla, Flemming R. Merkel, Teresa Militão, Børge Moe, William A. Montevecchi, Virginia Morera-Pujol, Anders Mosbech, Verónica Neves, Mark A. Newell, Bergur Olsen, Vitor H. Paiva, Hans-Ulrich Peter, Aevar Petersen, Richard A. Phillips, Iván Ramírez, Jaime A. Ramos, Raül Ramos, Robert A. Ronconi, Peter G. Ryan, Niels Martin Schmidt, Ingvar A. Sigurðsson, Benoît Sittler, Harald Steen, Iain J. Stenhouse, Hallvard Strøm, Geir H. R. Systad, Paul Thompson, Thorkell L. Thórarinsson, Rob S.A. van Bemmelen, Sarah Wanless, Francis Zino, Maria P. Dias |
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Title |
Multispecies tracking reveals a major seabird hotspot in the North Atlantic |
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Journal |
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Year |
2021 |
Publication |
Conservation Letters |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
14 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
e12824 |
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Keywords |
area beyond national jurisdiction Atlantic biologging conservation high seas marine protected area regional seas convention |
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Abstract |
The conservation of migratory marine species, including pelagic seabirds, is challenging because their movements span vast distances frequently beyond national jurisdictions. Here, we aim to identify important aggregations of seabirds in the North Atlantic to inform ongoing regional conservation efforts. Using tracking, phenology, and population data, we mapped the abundance and diversity of 21 seabird species. This revealed a major hotspot associated with a discrete area of the subpolar frontal zone, used annually by 2.9–5 million seabirds from ≥56 colonies in the Atlantic: the first time this magnitude of seabird concentrations has been documented in the high seas. The hotspot is temporally stable and amenable to site-based conservation and is under consideration as a marine protected area by the OSPAR Commission. Protection could help mitigate current and future threats facing species in the area. Overall, our approach provides an exemplar data-driven pathway for future conservation efforts on the high seas. |
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Programme |
330,333,388,1036 |
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Bachelor's thesis |
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ISSN |
1755-263X |
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yes |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
8293 |
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Author |
Deborah Verfaillie, Joanna Charton, Irene Schimmelpfennig, Zoe Stroebele, Vincent Jomelli, François Bétard, Vincent Favier, Julien Cavero, Etienne Berthier, Hugues Goosse, Vincent Rinterknecht, Claude Legentil, Raphaelle Charrassin, Georges Aumaître, Didier L. Bourlès, Karim Keddadouche |
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Title |
Evolution of the Cook Ice Cap (Kerguelen Islands) between the last centuries and 2100 ce based on cosmogenic dating and glacio-climatic modelling |
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Journal |
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Year |
2021 |
Publication |
Antarctic Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
33 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
301-317 |
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Keywords |
degree-day glaciological model future projections glacial fluctuations in situ cosmogenic chlorine-36 dating moraines sub-Antarctic islands |
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Abstract |
The Cook Ice Cap (CIC) on the sub-Antarctic Kerguelen Islands recently experienced extremely negative surface mass balance. Further deglaciation could have important impacts on endemic and invasive fauna and flora. To put this exceptional glacier evolution into a multi-centennial-scale context, we refined the evolution of the CIC over the last millennium, investigated the associated climate conditions and explored its potential evolution by 2100 ce. A glaciological model, constrained by cosmic ray exposure dating of moraines, historical documents and recent direct mass balance observations, was used to simulate the ice-cap extents during different phases of advance and retreat between the last millennium and 2100 ce. Cosmogenic dating suggests glacial advance around the early Little Ice Age (LIA), consistent with findings from other sub-Antarctic studies, and the rather cold and humid conditions brought about by the negative phase of the Southern Annular Mode (SAM). This study contributes to our currently limited understanding of palaeoclimate for the early LIA in the southern Indian Ocean. Glaciological modelling and observations confirm the recent decrease in CIC extent linked to the intensification of the SAM. Although affected by large uncertainties, future simulations suggest a complete disappearance of CIC by the end of the century. |
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1048 |
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ISSN |
0954-1020, 1365-2079 |
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yes |
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Serial |
8187 |
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Author |
Andrés Barbosa, Arvind Varsani, Virginia Morandini, Wray Grimaldi, Ralph E. T. Vanstreels, Julia I. Diaz, Thierry Boulinier, Meagan Dewar, Daniel González-Acuña, Rachael Gray, Clive R. McMahon, Gary Miller, Michelle Power, Amandine Gamble, Michelle Wille |
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Title |
Risk assessment of SARS-CoV-2 in Antarctic wildlife |
Type |
Journal |
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Year |
2021 |
Publication |
Science of The Total Environment |
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755 |
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143352 |
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Antarctica Coronavirus COVID-19 Mitigation measures Reverse zoonoses Transmission |
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Abstract |
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This pathogen has spread rapidly across the world, causing high numbers of deaths and significant social and economic impacts. SARS-CoV-2 is a novel coronavirus with a suggested zoonotic origin with the potential for cross-species transmission among animals. Antarctica can be considered the only continent free of SARS-CoV-2. Therefore, concerns have been expressed regarding the potential human introduction of this virus to the continent through the activities of research or tourism to minimise the effects on human health, and the potential for virus transmission to Antarctic wildlife. We assess the reverse-zoonotic transmission risk to Antarctic wildlife by considering the available information on host susceptibility, dynamics of the infection in humans, and contact interactions between humans and Antarctic wildlife. The environmental conditions in Antarctica seem to be favourable for the virus stability. Indoor spaces such as those at research stations, research vessels or tourist cruise ships could allow for more transmission among humans and depending on their movements between different locations the virus could be spread across the continent. Among Antarctic wildlife previous in silico analyses suggested that cetaceans are at greater risk of infection whereas seals and birds appear to be at a low infection risk. However, caution needed until further research is carried out and consequently, the precautionary principle should be applied. Field researchers handling animals are identified as the human group posing the highest risk of transmission to animals while tourists and other personnel pose a significant risk only when in close proximity (< 5 m) to Antarctic fauna. We highlight measures to reduce the risk as well as identify of knowledge gaps related to this issue. |
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1151 |
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0048-9697 |
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yes |
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7960 |
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