Abstract: Short-term effects of environmental perturbations on various life history traits are reasonably well documented in birds and mammals. But, in the present context of global climate change, there is a need to consider potential long-term effects of natal conditions to better understand and predict the consequences of these changes on population dynamics. The environmental conditions affecting offspring during their early development may determine their lifetime reproductive performance, and therefore the number of recruits produced by a cohort. In this study, we attempted to link recruitment to natal and recent (previous year) conditions in the long-lived black-browed albatross (Thalassarche melanophrys) at Kerguelen Islands. The environmental variability was described using both climatic variables over breeding (sea surface temperature anomaly) and non-breeding grounds (Southern Oscillation index), and variables related to the colony (breeding success and colony size). Immature survival was linked to the breeding success of the colony in the year of birth, which was expected to reflect the average seasonal parental investment. At the cohort level, this initial mortality event may act as a selective filter shaping the number, and presumably the quality (breeding frequency, breeding success probability), of the individuals that recruit into the breeding population. The decision to start breeding was strongly structured by the age of the individuals and adjusted according to recent conditions. An effect of natal conditions was not detected on this parameter, supporting the selection hypothesis. Recruitment, as a whole, was thus influenced by a combination of long- and short-term environmental impacts. Our results highlight the complexity of the influence of environmental factors on such long-lived species, due to the time-lag (associated with a delayed maturity) between the impact of natal conditions on individuals and their repercussion on the breeding population.

Abstract: Lichens collected in 2007 on Ile Amsterdam and Ile Saint Paul in the Indian Ocean are reported. The diversity is rather poor, with 77 and 40 species collected, respectively. Of those, the islands share 25 species. Caloplaca amsterdamensis Aptroot & Ertz is newly described. Two species, viz. Lecanora subsulphurata and Opegrapha consimillima are the only other endemic species known from these islands. The lichen flora is distinctly temperate to subtropical, with only a few subantarctic elements. Temperate oceanic islands in other oceans share significantly more species with Ile Saint Paul and/or Ile Amsterdam than the neighbouring subantarctic islands. All previously reports of lichens from these islands have been examined and cross-referenced, leading to the new synonymization of several species previously described from Ile Saint Paul, viz. Buellia sancti-pauli, Caloplaca fulgescens, Lecidea conioptoides, L. parasemopsis, L. sancti-pauli, and Verrucaria aethioboliza. It also transpired that the previous report of the genus Orceolina from Ile Saint Paul is incorrect, with the effect that the genus is still only known from Kerguelen. Nearly all species are new records for Ile Amsterdam and most are new for Ile Saint Paul. Some species, viz. Bacidia arnoldiana, B. egenula, B. fraxinea, C. limonia, C. oasis, C. ulcerosa, Fuscopannaria ignobilis, Pertusaria amarescens, Porina curnowii, Porpidia ochrolemma, Pyrenula laevigata, Scoliciosporum intrusum (with the new synonym S. camptosporum), and Verrucaria dolosa are reported for the first time from the Southern Hemisphere.