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Author |
Manon Poirson |
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Title |
Étude des habitats côtiers rocheux des îles Kerguelen et bilan des connaissances dans le but de mettre en place un suivi à long terme des communautés benthiques |
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Master 1 |
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Year |
2016 |
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The Kerguelen Islands are part of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands (TAAF), headquartered in St. Pierre de la Reunion. The TAAF have created in October 2006 a nature reserve covering an area of 22,700 km² making it the largest reserve of France. The marine reserve area of 15,700 km² 4 times the size of the marine park of the Gulf of Lion; it is also a hot spot of marine diversity. The goal of the program is PROTEKER set up a marine observatory for the ecological and genetic monitoring of coastal biodiversity of the Kerguelen Islands and assessment of current and expected environmental changes on this biodiversity (Saucède et al). With the increasing risks due to climate warming on marine environments, many initiatives are in place, protecting the environment can not be done when one has gained a deep understanding of the medium. Monitoring of population structure in a conservation objective requires an initial inventory and regular quantitative and qualitative observations. Image analysis through photoQuad software makes the characterization of marine habitats fast and easily reproducible. |
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1044 |
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yes |
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6685 |
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Aurora García-Berro Navarro |
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Title |
Trophic analyses of echinoid species of the Kerguelen Plateau (Southern Ocean) using natural 13C, 15N, and 34S stable isotopes |
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Master 2 |
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Year |
2016 |
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IDENTIFYING THE MAIN STRUCTURE OF BENTHIC TROPHIC NETWORKS IS NECESSARY TO UNDERSTAND THE FUNCTIONING OF MARINE COMMUNITIES. FOR THAT PURPOSE, THE TRAINEE WILL ANALYSE NATURAL 13C AND 15N STABLE ISOTOPES AND FATTY ACID BIOMARKERS ON ECHINOID SPECIMENS TO ALLOW DISCRIMINATING AMONG THE FOOD SOURCES OF TARGET SPECIES, THE MEAN/BROAD POSITION OF THE TARGET SPECIES IN THE TROPHIC NETWORKS (FEEDING STRATEGIES), AND THE TROPHIC PLASTICITY OF THESE SPECIES. THREE TARGET ECHINOID SPECIES WITH ALREADY KNOWN A PRIORI CONTRASTED TROPHIC STRATEGIES WILL BE STUDIED: STERECHINUS DIADEMA, ABATUS CORDATUS, AND CTENOCIDARIS NUTRIX. ELEMENTAL (C/N) AND ISOTOPIC ANALYSES (13C, 15N) WILL ALSO BE PERFORMED ON DIFFERENT ORGANIC MATTER SOURCES (DISSOLVED ORGANIC MATTER OF SEA WATER, SEDIMENT ORGANIC MATTER, MACROALGAE) AND COMPARED WITH OTHER PRIMARY AND SECONDARY CONSUMERS (SPONGES, KEY MARINE INVERTEBRATES). THIS WILL BE COMPLETED BY DIGESTIVE TRACK CONTENT ANALYZES OF SAMPLED SPECIMENS. |
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1044 |
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yes |
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6686 |
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Title |
King penguin demography since the last glaciation inferred from genome-wide data |
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2014 |
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Proc. R. Soc. B |
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281 |
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1787 |
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20140528 |
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How natural climate cycles, such as past glacial/interglacial patterns, have shaped species distributions at the high-latitude regions of the Southern Hemisphere is still largely unclear. Here, we show how the post-glacial warming following the Last Glacial Maximum (ca 18 000 years ago), allowed the (re)colonization of the fragmented sub-Antarctic habitat by an upper-level marine predator, the king penguin Aptenodytes patagonicus. Using restriction site-associated DNA sequencing and standard mitochondrial data, we tested the behaviour of subsets of anonymous nuclear loci in inferring past demography through coalescent-based and allele frequency spectrum analyses. Our results show that the king penguin population breeding on Crozet archipelago steeply increased in size, closely following the Holocene warming recorded in the Epica Dome C ice core. The following population growth can be explained by a threshold model in which the ecological requirements of this species (year-round ice-free habitat for breeding and access to a major source of food such as the Antarctic Polar Front) were met on Crozet soon after the Pleistocene/Holocene climatic transition. |
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137 |
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0962-8452, 1471-2954 |
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0962-8452, 1471-2954 |
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yes |
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6687 |
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Understanding processes at the origin of species flocks with a focus on the marine Antarctic fauna |
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Year |
2017 |
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Biological Reviews |
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Volume |
93 |
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1 |
Pages |
481-504 |
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Keywords |
adaptive radiation competition diversification ecological niche endemicity extinction life?history trait phylogeny |
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Species flocks (SFs) fascinate evolutionary biologists who wonder whether such striking diversification can be driven by normal evolutionary processes. Multiple definitions of SFs have hindered the study of their origins. Previous studies identified a monophyletic taxon as a SF if it displays high speciosity in an area in which it is endemic (criterion 1), high ecological diversity among species (criterion 2), and if it dominates the habitat in terms of biomass (criterion 3); we used these criteria in our analyses. Our starting hypothesis is that normal evolutionary processes may provide a sufficient explanation for most SFs. We thus clearly separate each criterion and identify which biological (intrinsic) and environmental (extrinsic) traits are most favourable to their realization. The first part focuses on evolutionary processes. We highlight that some popular putative causes of SFs, such as key innovations or ecological speciation, are neither necessary nor sufficient to fulfill some or all of the three criteria. Initial differentiation mechanisms are diverse and difficult to identify a posteriori because a primary differentiation of one type (genetic, ecological or geographical) often promotes other types of differentiation. Furthermore, the criteria are not independent: positive feedbacks between speciosity and ecological diversity among species are expected whatever the initial cause of differentiation, and ecological diversity should enhance habitat dominance at the clade level. We then identify intrinsic and extrinsic factors that favour each criterion. Low dispersal emerges as a convincing driver of speciosity. Except for a genomic architecture favouring ecological speciation, for which assessment is difficult, high effective population sizes are the single intrinsic factor that directly enhances speciosity, ecological diversity and habitat dominance. No extrinsic factor appeared to enhance all criteria simultaneously but a combination of factors (insularity, fragmentation and environmental stability) may favour the three criteria, although the effect is indirect for habitat dominance. We then apply this analytical framework to Antarctic marine environments by analysing data from 18 speciose clades belonging to echinoderms (five unrelated clades), notothenioid fishes (five clades) and peracarid crustaceans (eight clades). Antarctic shelf environments and history appear favourable to endemicity and speciosity, but not to ecological specialization. Two main patterns are distinguished among taxa. (i) In echinoderms, many brooding, species?rich and endemic clades are reported, but without remarkable ecological diversity or habitat dominance. In these taxa, loss of the larval stage is probably a consequence of past Antarctic environmental factors, and brooding is suggested to be responsible for enhanced allopatric speciation (via dispersal limitation). (ii) In notothenioids and peracarids, many clades fulfill all three SF criteria. This could result from unusual features in fish and crustaceans: chromosome instability and key innovations (antifreeze proteins) in notothenioids, ecological opportunity in peracarids, and a genomic architecture favouring ecological speciation in both groups. Therefore, the data do not support our starting point that normal evolutionary factors or processes drive SFs because in these two groups uncommon intrinsic features or ecological opportunity provide the best explanation. The utility of the three?criterion SF concept is therefore questioned and guidelines are given for future studies. |
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1044 |
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1464-7931 |
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1464-7931 |
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yes |
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6688 |
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Title |
Emperors in Hiding: When Ice-Breakers and Satellites Complement Each Other in Antarctic Exploration |
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2014 |
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PLOS ONE |
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9 |
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6 |
Pages |
e100404 |
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Keywords |
Animal sexual behavior Animal sociality Antarctica Birds Census Glaciers Penguins Tongue |
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Abstract |
Evaluating the demographic trends of marine top predators is critical to understanding the processes involved in the ongoing rapid changes in Antarctic ecosystems. However, the remoteness and logistical complexity of operating in Antarctica, especially during winter, make such an assessment difficult. Satellite imaging is increasingly recognised as a valuable method for remote animal population monitoring, yet its accuracy and reliability are still to be fully evaluated. We report here the first ground visit of an emperor penguin colony first discovered by satellite, but also the discovery of a second one not indicated by satellite survey at that time. Several successive remote surveys in this coastal region of East Antarctica, both before and after sudden local changes, had indeed only identified one colony. These two colonies (with a total of ca. 7,400 breeding pairs) are located near the Mertz Glacier in an area that underwent tremendous habitat change after the glacier tongue broke off in February 2010. Our findings therefore suggest that a satellite survey, although offering a major advance since it allows a global imaging of emperor penguin colonies, may miss certain colony locations when challenged by certain features of polar ecosystems, such as snow cover, evolving ice topology, and rapidly changing habitat. Moreover our survey shows that this large seabird has considerable potential for rapid adaptation to sudden habitat loss, as the colony detected in 2009 may have moved and settled on new breeding grounds. Overall, the ability of emperor penguin colonies to relocate following habitat modification underlines the continued need for a mix of remote sensing and field surveys (aerial photography and ground counts), especially in the less-frequented parts of Antarctica, to gain reliable knowledge about the population demography and dynamics of this flagship species of the Antarctic ecosystem. |
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137 |
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1932-6203 |
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1932-6203 |
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yes |
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6689 |
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Reproductive strategy as a piece of the biogeographic puzzle: a case study using Antarctic sea stars (Echinodermata, Asteroidea) |
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2017 |
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Journal of Biogeography |
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44 |
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4 |
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848-860 |
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Antarctica benthos biogeographic barrier Echinodermata invertebrate regionalization reproductive mode sea stars Southern Ocean |
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1044 |
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0305-0270 |
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0305-0270 |
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yes |
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6690 |
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Patterns of genetic diversity and structure in antarctic and subantarctic Nacella (Nacellidae) species |
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2016 |
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Anales del Instituto de la Patagonia |
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44 |
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3 |
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49-64 |
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1044 |
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0718-686X |
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0718-686X |
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yes |
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6691 |
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Rovers minimize human disturbance in research on wild animals |
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2014 |
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Nature Methods |
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11 |
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12 |
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1242-1244 |
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137 |
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1548-7105 |
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1548-7105 |
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6692 |
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Title |
Inter-Annual Variability of Fledgling Sex Ratio in King Penguins |
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2014 |
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PLOS ONE |
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9 |
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12 |
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e114052 |
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Keywords |
Animal sexual behavior Animal sociality Birds Foraging Ocean temperature Penguins Seasons Sex ratio |
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137 |
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1932-6203 |
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1932-6203 |
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yes |
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6693 |
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Title |
PROTEKER: implementation of a submarine observatory at the Kerguelen Islands (Southern Ocean) |
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Year |
2016 |
Publication |
Underwater Technology |
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34 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
3-10 |
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Keywords |
BENTHOS MONITORING CLIMATE CHANGE COASTAL HABITATS FRONTAL SHIFTS SETTLEMENT PLOTS SUB-ANTARCTIC THERMO-RECORDERS |
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1044 |
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yes |
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6694 |
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