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Author Manon Poirson
Title Étude des habitats côtiers rocheux des îles Kerguelen et bilan des connaissances dans le but de mettre en place un suivi à long terme des communautés benthiques Type Master 1
Year 2016 Publication Abbreviated Journal (up)
Volume Issue Pages
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Abstract

The Kerguelen Islands are part of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands (TAAF), headquartered in St. Pierre de la Reunion. The TAAF have created in October 2006 a nature reserve covering an area of 22,700 km² making it the largest reserve of France. The marine reserve area of 15,700 km² 4 times the size of the marine park of the Gulf of Lion; it is also a hot spot of marine diversity. The goal of the program is PROTEKER set up a marine observatory for the ecological and genetic monitoring of coastal biodiversity of the Kerguelen Islands and assessment of current and expected environmental changes on this biodiversity (Saucède et al). With the increasing risks due to climate warming on marine environments, many initiatives are in place, protecting the environment can not be done when one has gained a deep understanding of the medium. Monitoring of population structure in a conservation objective requires an initial inventory and regular quantitative and qualitative observations. Image analysis through photoQuad software makes the characterization of marine habitats fast and easily reproducible.
Programme 1044
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Call Number Serial 6685
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Author Aurora García-Berro Navarro
Title Trophic analyses of echinoid species of the Kerguelen Plateau (Southern Ocean) using natural 13C, 15N, and 34S stable isotopes Type Master 2
Year 2016 Publication Abbreviated Journal (up)
Volume Issue Pages
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Abstract

IDENTIFYING THE MAIN STRUCTURE OF BENTHIC TROPHIC NETWORKS IS NECESSARY TO UNDERSTAND THE FUNCTIONING OF MARINE COMMUNITIES. FOR THAT PURPOSE, THE TRAINEE WILL ANALYSE NATURAL 13C AND 15N STABLE ISOTOPES AND FATTY ACID BIOMARKERS ON ECHINOID SPECIMENS TO ALLOW DISCRIMINATING AMONG THE FOOD SOURCES OF TARGET SPECIES, THE MEAN/BROAD POSITION OF THE TARGET SPECIES IN THE TROPHIC NETWORKS (FEEDING STRATEGIES), AND THE TROPHIC PLASTICITY OF THESE SPECIES. THREE TARGET ECHINOID SPECIES WITH ALREADY KNOWN A PRIORI CONTRASTED TROPHIC STRATEGIES WILL BE STUDIED: STERECHINUS DIADEMA, ABATUS CORDATUS, AND CTENOCIDARIS NUTRIX. ELEMENTAL (C/N) AND ISOTOPIC ANALYSES (13C, 15N) WILL ALSO BE PERFORMED ON DIFFERENT ORGANIC MATTER SOURCES (DISSOLVED ORGANIC MATTER OF SEA WATER, SEDIMENT ORGANIC MATTER, MACROALGAE) AND COMPARED WITH OTHER PRIMARY AND SECONDARY CONSUMERS (SPONGES, KEY MARINE INVERTEBRATES). THIS WILL BE COMPLETED BY DIGESTIVE TRACK CONTENT ANALYZES OF SAMPLED SPECIMENS.
Programme 1044
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Call Number Serial 6686
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Author Emiliano Trucchi, Paolo Gratton, Jason D. Whittington, Robin Cristofari, Yvon Le Maho, Nils Chr Stenseth, Céline Le Bohec
Title King penguin demography since the last glaciation inferred from genome-wide data Type Journal
Year 2014 Publication Proc. R. Soc. B Abbreviated Journal (up)
Volume 281 Issue 1787 Pages 20140528
Keywords
Abstract How natural climate cycles, such as past glacial/interglacial patterns, have shaped species distributions at the high-latitude regions of the Southern Hemisphere is still largely unclear. Here, we show how the post-glacial warming following the Last Glacial Maximum (ca 18 000 years ago), allowed the (re)colonization of the fragmented sub-Antarctic habitat by an upper-level marine predator, the king penguin Aptenodytes patagonicus. Using restriction site-associated DNA sequencing and standard mitochondrial data, we tested the behaviour of subsets of anonymous nuclear loci in inferring past demography through coalescent-based and allele frequency spectrum analyses. Our results show that the king penguin population breeding on Crozet archipelago steeply increased in size, closely following the Holocene warming recorded in the Epica Dome C ice core. The following population growth can be explained by a threshold model in which the ecological requirements of this species (year-round ice-free habitat for breeding and access to a major source of food such as the Antarctic Polar Front) were met on Crozet soon after the Pleistocene/Holocene climatic transition.
Programme 137
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ISSN 0962-8452, 1471-2954 ISBN 0962-8452, 1471-2954 Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Approved yes
Call Number Serial 6687
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Author Chenuil Anne, Saucède Thomas, Hemery Lenaïg G., Eléaume Marc, Féral Jean‐Pierre, Améziane Nadia, David Bruno, Lecointre Guillaume, Havermans Charlotte
Title Understanding processes at the origin of species flocks with a focus on the marine Antarctic fauna Type Journal
Year 2017 Publication Biological Reviews Abbreviated Journal (up)
Volume 93 Issue 1 Pages 481-504
Keywords adaptive radiation competition diversification ecological niche endemicity extinction life‐history trait phylogeny
Abstract Species flocks (SFs) fascinate evolutionary biologists who wonder whether such striking diversification can be driven by normal evolutionary processes. Multiple definitions of SFs have hindered the study of their origins. Previous studies identified a monophyletic taxon as a SF if it displays high speciosity in an area in which it is endemic (criterion 1), high ecological diversity among species (criterion 2), and if it dominates the habitat in terms of biomass (criterion 3); we used these criteria in our analyses. Our starting hypothesis is that normal evolutionary processes may provide a sufficient explanation for most SFs. We thus clearly separate each criterion and identify which biological (intrinsic) and environmental (extrinsic) traits are most favourable to their realization. The first part focuses on evolutionary processes. We highlight that some popular putative causes of SFs, such as key innovations or ecological speciation, are neither necessary nor sufficient to fulfill some or all of the three criteria. Initial differentiation mechanisms are diverse and difficult to identify a posteriori because a primary differentiation of one type (genetic, ecological or geographical) often promotes other types of differentiation. Furthermore, the criteria are not independent: positive feedbacks between speciosity and ecological diversity among species are expected whatever the initial cause of differentiation, and ecological diversity should enhance habitat dominance at the clade level. We then identify intrinsic and extrinsic factors that favour each criterion. Low dispersal emerges as a convincing driver of speciosity. Except for a genomic architecture favouring ecological speciation, for which assessment is difficult, high effective population sizes are the single intrinsic factor that directly enhances speciosity, ecological diversity and habitat dominance. No extrinsic factor appeared to enhance all criteria simultaneously but a combination of factors (insularity, fragmentation and environmental stability) may favour the three criteria, although the effect is indirect for habitat dominance. We then apply this analytical framework to Antarctic marine environments by analysing data from 18 speciose clades belonging to echinoderms (five unrelated clades), notothenioid fishes (five clades) and peracarid crustaceans (eight clades). Antarctic shelf environments and history appear favourable to endemicity and speciosity, but not to ecological specialization. Two main patterns are distinguished among taxa. (i) In echinoderms, many brooding, species?rich and endemic clades are reported, but without remarkable ecological diversity or habitat dominance. In these taxa, loss of the larval stage is probably a consequence of past Antarctic environmental factors, and brooding is suggested to be responsible for enhanced allopatric speciation (via dispersal limitation). (ii) In notothenioids and peracarids, many clades fulfill all three SF criteria. This could result from unusual features in fish and crustaceans: chromosome instability and key innovations (antifreeze proteins) in notothenioids, ecological opportunity in peracarids, and a genomic architecture favouring ecological speciation in both groups. Therefore, the data do not support our starting point that normal evolutionary factors or processes drive SFs because in these two groups uncommon intrinsic features or ecological opportunity provide the best explanation. The utility of the three?criterion SF concept is therefore questioned and guidelines are given for future studies.
Programme 1044
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ISSN 1464-7931 ISBN 1464-7931 Medium
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Notes Approved yes
Call Number Serial 6688
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Author André Ancel, Robin Cristofari, Peter T. Fretwell, Phil N. Trathan, Barbara Wienecke, Matthieu Boureau, Jennifer Morinay, Stéphane Blanc, Yvon Le Maho, Céline Le Bohec
Title Emperors in Hiding: When Ice-Breakers and Satellites Complement Each Other in Antarctic Exploration Type Journal
Year 2014 Publication PLOS ONE Abbreviated Journal (up)
Volume 9 Issue 6 Pages e100404
Keywords Animal sexual behavior Animal sociality Antarctica Birds Census Glaciers Penguins Tongue
Abstract Evaluating the demographic trends of marine top predators is critical to understanding the processes involved in the ongoing rapid changes in Antarctic ecosystems. However, the remoteness and logistical complexity of operating in Antarctica, especially during winter, make such an assessment difficult. Satellite imaging is increasingly recognised as a valuable method for remote animal population monitoring, yet its accuracy and reliability are still to be fully evaluated. We report here the first ground visit of an emperor penguin colony first discovered by satellite, but also the discovery of a second one not indicated by satellite survey at that time. Several successive remote surveys in this coastal region of East Antarctica, both before and after sudden local changes, had indeed only identified one colony. These two colonies (with a total of ca. 7,400 breeding pairs) are located near the Mertz Glacier in an area that underwent tremendous habitat change after the glacier tongue broke off in February 2010. Our findings therefore suggest that a satellite survey, although offering a major advance since it allows a global imaging of emperor penguin colonies, may miss certain colony locations when challenged by certain features of polar ecosystems, such as snow cover, evolving ice topology, and rapidly changing habitat. Moreover our survey shows that this large seabird has considerable potential for rapid adaptation to sudden habitat loss, as the colony detected in 2009 may have moved and settled on new breeding grounds. Overall, the ability of emperor penguin colonies to relocate following habitat modification underlines the continued need for a mix of remote sensing and field surveys (aerial photography and ground counts), especially in the less-frequented parts of Antarctica, to gain reliable knowledge about the population demography and dynamics of this flagship species of the Antarctic ecosystem.
Programme 137
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ISSN 1932-6203 ISBN 1932-6203 Medium
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Notes Approved yes
Call Number Serial 6689
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Author Moreau Camille, Saucède Thomas, Jossart Quentin, Agüera Antonio, Brayard Arnaud, Danis Bruno
Title Reproductive strategy as a piece of the biogeographic puzzle: a case study using Antarctic sea stars (Echinodermata, Asteroidea) Type Journal
Year 2017 Publication Journal of Biogeography Abbreviated Journal (up)
Volume 44 Issue 4 Pages 848-860
Keywords Antarctica benthos biogeographic barrier Echinodermata invertebrate regionalization reproductive mode sea stars Southern Ocean
Abstract Abstract Aim To describe and analyse asteroid biogeographic patterns in the Southern Ocean (SO) and test whether reproductive strategy (brooder versus broadcaster) can explain distribution patterns at the scale of the entire class. We hypothesize that brooding and broadcasting species display different biogeographic patterns. Location Southern Ocean, south of 45 °S. Methods Over 14,000 asteroid occurrences are analysed using bootstrapped spanning network (BSN), non?metrical multidimensional scaling (nMDS) and clustering to uncover the spatial structure of faunal similarities among 25 bioregions. Results Main biogeographic patterns are congruent with previous works based on other taxa and highlight the isolation of New Zealand, the high richness in the Scotia Arc area particularly of brooding species, an East/West Antarctic differentiation, and the faunal affinities between South America and sub?Antarctic Islands. Asteroids show lower endemism levels than previously reported with 29% of species occurring in Antarctica only. In particular, asteroids from Tierra del Fuego showed affinities with those of West Antarctica at the species level, suggesting a recent mixing of assemblages. Biogeographic patterns are highly linked to reproductive strategy. Patterns also differ according to the taxonomic level, revealing the underlying role of historical factors. Main conclusions Patterns of sea star biogeography are consistent with results obtained for other marine groups and are strongly linked to reproductive strategy.
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ISSN 0305-0270 ISBN 0305-0270 Medium
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Notes Approved yes
Call Number Serial 6690
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Author Claudio A. González-Wevar, Mathias Hüne, Sebastián Rosenfeld, Karin Gérard, Andrés Mansilla, Elie Poulin
Title Patterns of genetic diversity and structure in antarctic and subantarctic Nacella (Nacellidae) species Type Journal
Year 2016 Publication Anales del Instituto de la Patagonia Abbreviated Journal (up)
Volume 44 Issue 3 Pages 49-64
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Programme 1044
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ISSN 0718-686X ISBN 0718-686X Medium
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Notes Approved yes
Call Number Serial 6691
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Author Yvon Le Maho, Jason D. Whittington, Nicolas Hanuise, Louise Pereira, Matthieu Boureau, Mathieu Brucker, Nicolas Chatelain, Julien Courtecuisse, Francis Crenner, Benjamin Friess, Edith Grosbellet, Laëtitia Kernaléguen, Frédérique Olivier, Claire Saraux, Nathanaël Vetter, Vincent A. Viblanc, Bernard Thierry, Pascale Tremblay, René Groscolas, Céline Le Bohec
Title Rovers minimize human disturbance in research on wild animals Type Journal
Year 2014 Publication Nature Methods Abbreviated Journal (up)
Volume 11 Issue 12 Pages 1242-1244
Keywords
Abstract Investigating wild animals while minimizing human disturbance remains an important methodological challenge. When approached by a remote-operated vehicle (rover) which can be equipped to make radio-frequency identifications, wild penguins had significantly lower and shorter stress responses (determined by heart rate and behavior) than when approached by humans. Upon immobilization, the rover—unlike humans—did not disorganize colony structure, and stress rapidly ceased. Thus, rovers can reduce human disturbance of wild animals and the resulting scientific bias.
Programme 137
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ISSN 1548-7105 ISBN 1548-7105 Medium
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Notes Approved yes
Call Number Serial 6692
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Author Célia Bordier, Claire Saraux, Vincent A. Viblanc, Hélène Gachot-Neveu, Magali Beaugey, Yvon Le Maho, Céline Le Bohec
Title Inter-Annual Variability of Fledgling Sex Ratio in King Penguins Type Journal
Year 2014 Publication PLOS ONE Abbreviated Journal (up)
Volume 9 Issue 12 Pages e114052
Keywords Animal sexual behavior Animal sociality Birds Foraging Ocean temperature Penguins Seasons Sex ratio
Abstract As the number of breeding pairs depends on the adult sex ratio in a monogamous species with biparental care, investigating sex-ratio variability in natural populations is essential to understand population dynamics. Using 10 years of data (2000–2009) in a seasonally monogamous seabird, the king penguin (Aptenodytes patagonicus), we investigated the annual sex ratio at fledging, and the potential environmental causes for its variation. Over more than 4000 birds, the annual sex ratio at fledging was highly variable (ranging from 44.4% to 58.3% of males), and on average slightly biased towards males (51.6%). Yearly variation in sex-ratio bias was neither related to density within the colony, nor to global or local oceanographic conditions known to affect both the productivity and accessibility of penguin foraging areas. However, rising sea surface temperature coincided with an increase in fledging sex-ratio variability. Fledging sex ratio was also correlated with difference in body condition between male and female fledglings. When more males were produced in a given year, their body condition was higher (and reciprocally), suggesting that parents might adopt a sex-biased allocation strategy depending on yearly environmental conditions and/or that the effect of environmental parameters on chick condition and survival may be sex-dependent. The initial bias in sex ratio observed at the juvenile stage tended to return to 1∶1 equilibrium upon first breeding attempts, as would be expected from Fisher’s classic theory of offspring sex-ratio variation.
Programme 137
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ISSN 1932-6203 ISBN 1932-6203 Medium
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Notes Approved yes
Call Number Serial 6693
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Author Jean-Pierre Féral, Thomas Saucède, Elie Poulin, Christian Marschal, Gilles Marty, Jean-Claude Roca, Sébastien Motreuil, Jean-Pierre Beurier
Title PROTEKER: implementation of a submarine observatory at the Kerguelen Islands (Southern Ocean) Type Journal
Year 2016 Publication Underwater Technology Abbreviated Journal (up)
Volume 34 Issue 1 Pages 3-10
Keywords BENTHOS MONITORING CLIMATE CHANGE COASTAL HABITATS FRONTAL SHIFTS SETTLEMENT PLOTS SUB-ANTARCTIC THERMO-RECORDERS
Abstract In the context of global climate change, variations in sea surface temperature, sea level change and latitudinal shifts of oceanographic currents are expected to affect marine biodiversity of the sub-Antarctic islands located near the polar front, such as the Kerguelen Islands, particularly in coastal waters. Sampling sites of previous oceanographic programmes focused on the Kerguelen Islands were revisited during three scientific summer cruises aboard the trawler La Curieuse (2011–2014). Among 18 coastal sites explored using scuba diving, 8 were selected for monitoring, as representative of the Kerguelen sub-Antarctic marine habitats, to be progressively equipped with sensors and settlement plots. Remotely operated vehicle (ROV) observations and beam trawling (at 50 m and 100 m) have also been used to contextualise them. Eight sites – in the Morbihan Bay (4), and in the north (2) and south (2) of the Kerguelen Islands – are now monitored by photo and video surveys, with temperature loggers installed at 5 m and 15 m depth, and settlement plots at about 10 m depth. Temperature data have been recovered yearly since 2011 at some sites (those equipped first). Biodiversity found on settlement plots will be characterised yearly by metagenomics. The often harsh conditions at sea involve using robust underwater equipment and simple investigation techniques and protocols to ensure the permanence and the reliability of the equipment installed.
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Notes Approved yes
Call Number Serial 6694
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