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Author |
Tiphaine Jeanniard-du-Dot, Andrew W. Trites, John P. Y. Arnould, Christophe Guinet |
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Title |
Reproductive success is energetically linked to foraging efficiency in Antarctic fur seals |
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Journal |
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Year |
2017 |
Publication |
PLOS ONE |
Abbreviated Journal  |
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Volume |
12 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
e0174001 |
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Keywords |
Accelerometers Antarctica Bioenergetics Foraging Predation Reproductive success Seals Trophic interactions |
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Abstract |
The efficiency with which individuals extract energy from their environment defines their survival and reproductive success, and thus their selective contribution to the population. Individuals that forage more efficiently (i.e., when energy gained exceeds energy expended) are likely to be more successful at raising viable offspring than individuals that forage less efficiently. Our goal was to test this prediction in large long-lived mammals under free-ranging conditions. To do so, we equipped 20 lactating Antarctic fur seals (Arctocephalus gazella) breeding on Kerguelen Island in the Southern Ocean with tags that recorded GPS locations, depth and tri-axial acceleration to determine at-sea behaviours and detailed time-activity budgets during their foraging trips. We also simultaneously measured energy spent at sea using the doubly-labeled water (DLW) method, and estimated the energy acquired while foraging from 1) type and energy content of prey species present in scat remains, and 2) numbers of prey capture attempts determined from head acceleration. Finally, we followed the growth of 36 pups from birth until weaning (of which 20 were the offspring of our 20 tracked mothers), and used the relative differences in body mass of pups at weaning as an index of first year survival and thus the reproductive success of their mothers. Our results show that females with greater foraging efficiencies produced relatively bigger pups at weaning. These mothers achieved greater foraging efficiency by extracting more energy per minute of diving rather than by reducing energy expenditure. This strategy also resulted in the females spending less time diving and less time overall at sea, which allowed them to deliver higher quality milk to their pups, or allowed their pups to suckle more frequently, or both. The linkage we demonstrate between reproductive success and the quality of individuals as foragers provides an individual-based quantitative framework to investigate how changes in the availability and accessibility of prey can affect fitness of animals. |
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1932-6203 |
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1932-6203 |
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yes |
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6640 |
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Author |
Jeanniard‐du‐Dot Tiphaine, Guinet Christophe, Arnould John P.Y., Speakman John R., Trites Andrew W., Goldbogen Jeremy |
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Title |
Accelerometers can measure total and activity‐specific energy expenditures in free‐ranging marine mammals only if linked to time‐activity budgets |
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Journal |
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Year |
2017 |
Publication |
Functional Ecology |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
31 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
377-386 |
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Keywords |
acceleration Antarctic fur seal energy expenditure foraging metabolic rate northern fur seal time‐activity budget VeDBA |
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Abstract |
Summary Energy expenditure is an important component of foraging ecology, but is extremely difficult to estimate in free?ranging animals and depends on how animals partition their time between different activities during foraging. Acceleration data have emerged as a new way to determine energy expenditure at a fine scale but this needs to be tested and validated in wild animals. This study investigated whether vectorial dynamic body acceleration (VeDBA) could accurately predict the energy expended by marine predators during a full foraging trip. We also aimed to determine whether the accuracy of predictions of energy expenditure derived from acceleration increased when partitioned by different types of at?sea activities (i.e. diving, transiting, resting and surface activities). To do so, we equipped 20 lactating northern (Callorhinus ursinus) and 20 lactating Antarctic fur seals (Arctocephalus gazella) with GPS, time?depth recorders and tri?axial accelerometers and obtained estimates of field metabolic rates using the doubly labelled water (DLW) method. VeDBA was derived from tri?axial acceleration, and at?sea activities (diving, transiting, resting and surface activities) were determined using dive depth, tri?axial acceleration and travelling speed. We found that VeDBA did not accurately predict the total energy expended by fur seals during their full foraging trips (R2 = 0·36). However, the accuracy of VeDBA as a predictor of total energy expenditure increased significantly when foraging trips were partitioned by activity and when activity?specific VeDBA was paired with time?activity budgets (R2 = 0·70). Activity?specific VeDBA also accurately predicted the energy expenditures of each activity independent of each other (R2 > 0·85). Our study confirms that acceleration is a promising way to estimate energy expenditures of free?ranging marine mammals at a fine scale never attained before. However, it shows that it needs to be based on the time?activity budgets that make up foraging trips rather than being derived as a single measure of VeDBA applied to entire foraging trips. Our activity?based method provides a cost?effective means to accurately calculate energy expenditures of fur seals using acceleration and time?activity budgets, that can be transfered to studies on other species. |
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0269-8463 |
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0269-8463 |
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6641 |
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Author |
Jeanniard‐du‐Dot Tiphaine, Trites Andrew W., Arnould John P. Y., Speakman John R., Guinet Christophe |
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Title |
Activity‐specific metabolic rates for diving, transiting, and resting at sea can be estimated from time–activity budgets in free‐ranging marine mammals |
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Year |
2017 |
Publication |
Ecology and Evolution |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
7 |
Issue |
9 |
Pages |
2969-2976 |
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109 |
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2045-7758 |
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2045-7758 |
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yes |
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6642 |
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Sara Labrousse, Jean-Baptiste Sallée, Alexander D. Fraser, Robert A. Massom, Phillip Reid, Michael Sumner, Christophe Guinet, Robert Harcourt, Clive McMahon, Frédéric Bailleul, Mark A. Hindell, Jean-Benoit Charrassin |
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Title |
Under the sea ice: Exploring the relationship between sea ice and the foraging behaviour of southern elephant seals in East Antarctica |
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Year |
2017 |
Publication |
Progress in Oceanography |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
156 |
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Pages |
17-40 |
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Abstract |
Investigating ecological relationships between predators and their environment is essential to understand the response of marine ecosystems to climate variability and change. This is particularly true in polar regions, where sea ice (a sensitive climate variable) plays a crucial yet highly dynamic and variable role in how it influences the whole marine ecosystem, from phytoplankton to top predators. For mesopredators such as seals, sea ice both supports a rich (under-ice) food resource, access to which depends on local to regional coverage and conditions. Here, we investigate sex-specific relationships between the foraging strategies of southern elephant seals (Mirounga leonina) in winter and spatio-temporal variability in sea ice concentration (SIC) and coverage in East Antarctica. We satellite-tracked 46 individuals undertaking post-moult trips in winter from Kerguelen Islands to the peri-Antarctic shelf between 2004 and 2014. These data indicate distinct general patterns of sea ice usage: while females tended to follow the sea ice edge as it extended northward, the males remained on the continental shelf despite increasing sea ice. Seal hunting time, a proxy of foraging activity inferred from the diving behaviour, was longer for females in late autumn in the outer part of the pack ice, ∼150–370km south of the ice edge. Within persistent regions of compact sea ice, females had a longer foraging activity (i) in the highest sea ice concentration at their position, but (ii) their foraging activity was longer when there were more patches of low concentration sea ice around their position (either in time or in space; 30days & 50km). The high spatio-temporal variability of sea ice around female positions is probably a key factor allowing them to exploit these concentrated patches. Despite lack of information on prey availability, females may exploit mesopelagic finfishes and squids that concentrate near the ice-water interface or within the water column (from diurnal vertical migration) in the pack ice region, likely attracted by an ice algal autumn bloom that sustains an under-ice ecosystem. In contrast, male foraging effort increased when they remained deep within the sea ice (420–960km from the ice edge) over the shelf. Males had a longer foraging activity (i) in the lowest sea ice concentration at their position, and (ii) when there were more patches of low concentration sea ice around their position (either in time or in space; 30days & 50km) presumably in polynyas or flaw leads between land fast and pack ice. This provides access to zones of enhanced resources in autumn or in early spring such as polynyas, the Antarctic shelf and slope. Our results suggest that some seals utilized a highly sea ice covered environment, which is key for their foraging effort, sustaining or concentrating resources during winter. |
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109 |
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0079-6611 |
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0079-6611 |
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yes |
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6643 |
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Author |
Sara Labrousse, Jean-Baptiste Sallée, Alexander D. Fraser, Rob A. Massom, Phillip Reid, William Hobbs, Christophe Guinet, Robert Harcourt, Clive McMahon, Matthieu Authier, Frédéric Bailleul, Mark A. Hindell, Jean-Benoit Charrassin |
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Title |
Variability in sea ice cover and climate elicit sex specific responses in an Antarctic predator |
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Year |
2017 |
Publication |
Scientific Reports |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
7 |
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43236 |
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Abstract |
Contrasting regional changes in Southern Ocean sea ice have occurred over the last 30 years with distinct regional effects on ecosystem structure and function. Quantifying how Antarctic predators respond to such changes provides the context for predicting how climate variability/change will affect these assemblages into the future. Over an 11-year time-series, we examine how inter-annual variability in sea ice concentration and advance affect the foraging behaviour of a top Antarctic predator, the southern elephant seal. Females foraged longer in pack ice in years with greatest sea ice concentration and earliest sea ice advance, while males foraged longer in polynyas in years of lowest sea ice concentration. There was a positive relationship between near-surface meridional wind anomalies and female foraging effort, but not for males. This study reveals the complexities of foraging responses to climate forcing by a poleward migratory predator through varying sea ice property and dynamic anomalies. |
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109 |
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ISSN |
2045-2322 |
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2045-2322 |
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yes |
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6644 |
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Author |
Lauriane Massardier-Galatà, Jennifer Morinay, Frédéric Bailleul, Eric Wajnberg, Christophe Guinet, Patrick Coquillard |
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Title |
Breeding success of a marine central place forager in the context of climate change: A modeling approach |
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Year |
2017 |
Publication |
PLOS ONE |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
12 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
e0173797 |
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Keywords |
Climate change Animal sexual behavior Foraging Predation Seals Bioenergetics Death rates Islands |
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Abstract |
In response to climate warming, a southward shift in productive frontal systems serving as the main foraging sites for many top predator species is likely to occur in Subantarctic areas. Central place foragers, such as seabirds and pinnipeds, are thus likely to cope with an increase in the distance between foraging locations and their land-based breeding colonies. Understanding how central place foragers should modify their foraging behavior in response to changes in prey accessibility appears crucial. A spatially explicit individual-based simulation model (Marine Central Place Forager Simulator (MarCPFS)), including bio-energetic components, was built to evaluate effects of possible changes in prey resources accessibility on individual performances and breeding success. The study was calibrated on a particular example: the Antarctic fur seal (Arctocephalus gazella), which alternates between oceanic areas in which females feed and the land-based colony in which they suckle their young over a 120 days rearing period. Our model shows the importance of the distance covered to feed and prey aggregation which appeared to be key factors to which animals are highly sensitive. Memorization and learning abilities also appear to be essential breeding success traits. Females were found to be most successful for intermediate levels of prey aggregation and short distance to the resource, resulting in optimal female body length. Increased distance to resources due to climate warming should hinder pups’ growth and survival while female body length should increase. |
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1932-6203 |
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1932-6203 |
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yes |
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6645 |
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Author |
Deborah Pardo, Stéphanie Jenouvrier, Henri Weimerskirch, Christophe Barbraud |
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Title |
Effect of extreme sea surface temperature events on the demography of an age-structured albatross population |
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Year |
2017 |
Publication |
Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
372 |
Issue |
1723 |
Pages |
20160143 |
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Abstract |
Climate changes include concurrent changes in environmental mean, variance and extremes, and it is challenging to understand their respective impact on wild populations, especially when contrasted age-dependent responses to climate occur. We assessed how changes in mean and standard deviation of sea surface temperature (SST), frequency and magnitude of warm SST extreme climatic events (ECE) influenced the stochastic population growth rate log(λs) and age structure of a black-browed albatross population. For changes in SST around historical levels observed since 1982, changes in standard deviation had a larger (threefold) and negative impact on log(λs) compared to changes in mean. By contrast, the mean had a positive impact on log(λs). The historical SST mean was lower than the optimal SST value for which log(λs) was maximized. Thus, a larger environmental mean increased the occurrence of SST close to this optimum that buffered the negative effect of ECE. This ‘climate safety margin’ (i.e. difference between optimal and historical climatic conditions) and the specific shape of the population growth rate response to climate for a species determine how ECE affect the population. For a wider range in SST, both the mean and standard deviation had negative impact on log(λs), with changes in the mean having a greater effect than the standard deviation. Furthermore, around SST historical levels increases in either mean or standard deviation of the SST distribution led to a younger population, with potentially important conservation implications for black-browed albatrosses. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Behavioural, ecological and evolutionary responses to extreme climatic events’. |
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109 |
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ISSN |
0962-8436, 1471-2970 |
ISBN |
0962-8436, 1471-2970 |
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yes |
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6646 |
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Author |
Patrick Samantha Clare, Weimerskirch Henri, Aubry Lise |
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Title |
Reproductive success is driven by local site fidelity despite stronger specialisation by individuals for large‐scale habitat preference |
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Year |
2017 |
Publication |
Journal of Animal Ecology |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
86 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
674-682 |
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Keywords |
black‐browed albatross foraging niche width generalist intra‐individual variability seabirds |
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Abstract |
Summary There is widespread evidence that within populations, specialists and generalists can coexist and this is particularly prevalent in marine ecosystems, where foraging specialisations are evident. While individuals may limit niche overlap by consistently foraging in specific areas, site fidelity may also emerge as an artefact of habitat choice, but both drivers and fitness consequences of site fidelity are poorly understood. Here, we examine an individual metric of site and habitat fidelity, using tracking data collected over 11 years for black?browed albatrosses (Thalassarche melanophris). Fidelity was calculated as the similarity between pairs of foraging zones, quantifying measures for within and between years. Foraging areas were identified using area?restricted search, defined as periods during which birds decrease speed and increase turning. Our results demonstrate that birds were considerably more specialised in the habitat in which they forage than the exact location they use within years, and there was a similar pattern between years. However, despite this, it was site fidelity that explained reproductive success. Within a single year, females which were more faithful to a specific location had higher reproductive success than non?specialists, and between years there was a tendency for both sexes. Our results suggest that black?browed albatrosses are highly faithful in their foraging habitat but it is rather site fidelity that is more clearly associated with reproductive success. |
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109 |
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0021-8790 |
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0021-8790 |
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yes |
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6647 |
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Author |
Marina Renedo, Paco Bustamante, Emmanuel Tessier, Zoyne Pedrero, Yves Cherel, David Amouroux |
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Title |
Assessment of mercury speciation in feathers using species-specific isotope dilution analysis |
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2017 |
Publication |
Talanta |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
174 |
Issue |
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Pages |
100-110 |
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Keywords |
GC-ICPMS Inorganic mercury Inter-species transformations Keratin Methylmercury Seabirds Southern Ocean |
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Abstract |
Seabirds are considered as effective sentinels of environmental marine contamination and their feathers are extensively used as non-lethal samples for contaminant biomonitoring. This tissue represents the main route for mercury (Hg) elimination in seabirds and contains predominantly methylmercury (MeHg). In this work, we developed a robust analytical technique for precise and accurate simultaneous quantification of MeHg, inorganic Hg (iHg) and consequently total Hg (THg), in feathers by gas-chromatography (GC)-ICPMS analyses using species-specific isotope dilution technique. An optimisation of the extraction method was carried out by testing different extraction systems, reagents and spiking procedures using an internal reference feather sample. The procedure was validated for MeHg and THg concentrations with a human hair certified reference material. Microwave nitric acid extraction with spike addition before the extraction provided the best recovery and was chosen as the most appropriate species simultaneous extraction method (SSE). An additional assessment was performed by comparison of our developed extraction method and a MeHg specific extraction technique (MSE) classically used for Hg speciation studies on feathers. The developed method was applied to feather samples from a large number of seabirds from the Southern Ocean (penguins, albatrosses, petrels and skuas) to investigate the variability of Hg speciation across a large range of Hg exposure conditions and concentrations. In all cases, MeHg accounted for > 90% of THg, thus verifying the predominance of organic Hg over iHg in feathers. |
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109 |
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ISSN |
0039-9140 |
ISBN |
0039-9140 |
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yes |
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6648 |
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Colin Southwell, Louise Emmerson, Akinori Takahashi, Christophe Barbraud, Karine Delord, Henri Weimerskirch |
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Title |
Large-scale population assessment informs conservation management for seabirds in Antarctica and the Southern Ocean: A case study of Adélie penguins |
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2017 |
Publication |
Global Ecology and Conservation |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
9 |
Issue |
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Pages |
104-115 |
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Keywords |
Abundance Area protection Fisheries management Seabird |
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Abstract |
Antarctica and the Southern Ocean are increasingly affected by fisheries, climate change and human presence. Antarctic seabirds are vulnerable to all these threats because they depend on terrestrial and marine environments to breed and forage. We assess the current distribution and total abundance of Adélie penguins in East Antarctica and find there are 3.5 (95% CI 2.9–4.2) million individuals of breeding age along the East Antarctic coastline and 5.9 (4.2–7.7) million individuals foraging in the adjacent ocean after the breeding season. One third of the breeding population numbering over 1 million individuals breed within 10 km of research stations, highlighting the potential for human activities to impact Adélie penguin populations despite their current high abundance. The 16 Antarctic Specially Protected Areas currently designated in East Antarctica offer protection to breeding populations close to stations in four of six regional populations. The East Antarctic breeding population consumes an average of 193 500 tonnes of krill and 18 800 tonnes of fish during a breeding season, with consumption peaking at the end of the breeding season. These findings can inform future conservation management decisions in the terrestrial environment under the Protocol on Environmental Protection to develop a systematic network of protected areas, and in the marine environment under the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources to allow the consumption needs of Adélie penguins to be taken into account when setting fishery catch limits. Extending this work to other penguin, flying seabird, seal and whale species is a priority for conservation management in Antarctica and the Southern Ocean. |
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