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M. Casado, A. Landais, G. Picard, T. Münch, T. Laepple, B. Stenni, G. Dreossi, A. Ekaykin, L. Arnaud, C. Genthon, A. Touzeau, V. Masson-Delmotte, J. Jouzel |
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Title |
Archival of the water stable isotope signal in East Antarctic ice cores |
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Year |
2016 |
Publication |
The cryosphere discuss. |
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2016 |
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Pages |
1-33 |
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Abstract |
The oldest ice core records are obtained from the East Antarctic plateau. Water stable isotopes records are key for reconstructions of past climatic conditions both over the ice sheet and at the evaporation source. The accuracy of such climate reconstructions crucially depends on the knowledge of all the processes affecting the water vapour, precipitation and snow isotopic composition. Atmospheric fractionation processes are well understood and can be integrated in Rayleigh distillation and complex isotope enabled climate models. However, a comprehensive quantitative understanding of processes potentially altering the snow isotopic composition after the deposition is still missing, especially for exchanges between vapour and snow. In low accumulation sites such as found on the East Antarctic Plateau, these poorly constrained processes are especially likely to play a significant role. This limits the interpretation of isotopic composition from ice core records, specifically at short time scales. Here, we combine observations of isotopic composition in the vapour, the precipitation, the surface snow and the buried snow from various sites of the East Antarctic Plateau. At the seasonal scale, we highlight a significant impact of metamorphism on surface snow isotopic signal compared to the initial precipitation isotopic signal. In particular, in summer, exchanges of water molecules between vapour and snow are driven by the sublimation/condensation cycles at the diurnal scale. Using highly resolved isotopic composition profiles from pits in five East Antarctic sites, we identify a common 20 cm cycle which cannot be attributed to the seasonal variability of precipitation. Altogether, the smaller range of isotopic compositions observed in the buried and in the surface snow compared to the precipitation, and also the reduced slope between surface snow isotopic composition and temperature compared to precipitation, constitute evidences of post-deposition processes affecting the variability of the isotopic composition in the snow pack. To reproduce these processes in snow-models is crucial to understand the link between snow isotopic composition and climatic conditions and to improve the interpretation of isotopic composition as a paleoclimate proxy. |
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1994-0440 |
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1994-0440 |
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yes |
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6569 |
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C. Genthon, L. Piard, E. Vignon, J.-B. Madeleine, M. Casado, H. Gallée |
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Title |
Atmospheric moisture supersaturation in the near-surface atmosphere at Dome C, Antarctic Plateau |
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Year |
2017 |
Publication |
Atmos. chem. phys. |
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Volume |
17 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
691-704 |
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Supersaturation often occurs at the top of the troposphere where cirrus clouds form, but is comparatively unusual near the surface where the air is generally warmer and laden with liquid and/or ice condensation nuclei. One exception is the surface of the high Antarctic Plateau. One year of atmospheric moisture measurement at the surface of Dome C on the East Antarctic Plateau is presented. The measurements are obtained using commercial hygrometry sensors modified to allow air sampling without affecting the moisture content, even in the case of supersaturation. Supersaturation is found to be very frequent. Common unadapted hygrometry sensors generally fail to report supersaturation, and most reports of atmospheric moisture on the Antarctic Plateau are thus likely biased low. The measurements are compared with results from two models implementing cold microphysics parameterizations: the European Center for Medium-range Weather Forecasts through its operational analyses, and the Model Atmosphérique Régional. As in the observations, supersaturation is frequent in the models but the statistical distribution differs both between models and observations and between the two models, leaving much room for model improvement. This is unlikely to strongly affect estimations of surface sublimation because supersaturation is more frequent as temperature is lower, and moisture quantities and thus water fluxes are small anyway. Ignoring supersaturation may be a more serious issue when considering water isotopes, a tracer of phase change and temperature, largely used to reconstruct past climates and environments from ice cores. Because observations are easier in the surface atmosphere, longer and more continuous in situ observation series of atmospheric supersaturation can be obtained than higher in the atmosphere to test parameterizations of cold microphysics, such as those used in the formation of high-altitude cirrus clouds in meteorological and climate models. |
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1013 |
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1680-7324 |
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1680-7324 |
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yes |
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6573 |
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Vignon Etienne, van de Wiel Bas J. H., van Hooijdonk Ivo G. S., Genthon Christophe, van der Linden Steven J. A., van Hooft J. Antoon, Baas Peter, Maurel William, Traullé Olivier, Casasanta Giampietro |
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Title |
Stable boundary‐layer regimes at Dome C, Antarctica: observation and analysis |
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Journal |
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Year |
2017 |
Publication |
Quarterly journal of the royal meteorological society |
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Volume |
143 |
Issue |
704 |
Pages |
1241-1253 |
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Keywords |
Antarctic atmosphere critical transition stable boundary layer wind‐speed threshold |
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Abstract |
Investigation of meteorological measurements along a 45 m tower at Dome C on the high East Antarctic Plateau revealed two distinct stable boundary layer (SBL) regimes at this location. The first regime is characterized by strong winds and continuous turbulence. It results in full vertical coupling of temperature, wind magnitude and wind direction in the SBL. The second regime is characterized by weak winds, associated with weak turbulent activity and very strong temperature inversions reaching up to 25 K in the lowest 10 m. Vertical temperature profiles are generally exponentially shaped (convex) in the first regime and ?convex?concave?convex? in the second. The transition between the two regimes is particularly abrupt when looking at the near?surface temperature inversion and it can be identified by a 10 m wind?speed threshold. With winds under this threshold, the turbulent heat supply toward the surface becomes significantly lower than the net surface radiative cooling. The threshold value (including its range of uncertainty) appears to agree with recent theoretical predictions from the so?called ?minimum wind speed for sustainable turbulence? (MWST) theory. For the quasi?steady, clear?sky winter cases, the relation between the near?surface inversion amplitude and the wind speed takes a characteristic ?S? shape. Closer analysis suggests that this relation corresponds to a ?critical transition? between a steady turbulent and a steady ?radiative? regime, with a dynamically unstable branch in the transition zone. These fascinating characteristics of the Antarctic boundary layer challenge present and future numerical models to represent this region in a physically correct manner. |
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1013 |
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0035-9009 |
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0035-9009 |
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yes |
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6574 |
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Arnaud, F., Fanget, B., Malet, E., Poulenard, J., Støren, E., Leloup, A., Bakke, J., Sabatier, P. . |
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Title |
Extensive lake sediment coring survey on Sub-Antarctic Indian Ocean Kerguelen Archipelago (French Austral and Antarctic Lands) |
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Communication |
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Year |
2016 |
Publication |
European geophysical union (egu), viennes, austria |
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Recent paleo-studies revealed climatic southern high latitude climate evolution patterns that are crucial to understand the global climate evolution(1,2). Among others the strength and north-south shifts of westerlies wind appeared to be a key parameter(3). However, virtually no lands are located south of the 45th South parallel between Southern Georgia (60W) and New Zealand (170E) precluding the establishment of paleoclimate records of past westerlies dynamics. Located around 50S and 70E, lost in the middle of the sub-Antarctic Indian Ocean, Kerguelen archipelago is a major, geomorphologically complex, land-mass that is covered by hundreds lakes of various sizes. It hence offers a unique opportunity to reconstruct past climate and environment dynamics in a region where virtually nothing is known about it, except the remarkable recent reconstructions based on a Lateglacial peatbog sequence(4).
During the 2014-2015 austral summer, a French-Norwegian team led the very first extensive lake sediment coring survey on Kerguelen Archipelago under the umbrella of the PALAS program supported by the French Polar Institute (IPEV). Two main areas were investigated: i) the southwest of the mainland, so-called Golfe du Morbihan, where glaciers are currently absent and ii) the northernmost Kerguelen mainland peninsula so-called Loranchet, where cirque glaciers are still present. This double-target strategy aims at reconstructing various
independent indirect records of precipitation (glacier advance, flood dynamics) and wind speed (marine spray chemical species, wind-borne terrigenous input) to tackle the Holocene climate variability.
Despite particularly harsh climate conditions and difficult logistics matters, we were able to core 6 lake sediment sites: 5 in Golfe du Morbihan and one in Loranchet peninsula. Among them two sequences taken in the 4km-long Lake Armor using a UWITEC re-entry piston coring system by 20 and 100m water-depth (6 and 7m-long, respectively). One sequence from the newly-named Lake Tiercelin (2m-long) was recovered using UWITEC gravity coring equipment operated from a portable rubber boat by 54m water-depth. Those three sequences cover the whole Holocene periods. The 3m-long sequence taken in Lake Guynemer, Loranchet peninsula, was taken using a homemade small platform and a Nesje piston corer by 50m water-depth and covers the last 5 ka cal. BP. Two additional lakes were cored in the vicinity of Lake Armor: Fougères and Poule from which short sequences were taken in order to study environmental changes since the arrival of humans in the 18th century and the subsequent introduction of exogenous plant and animal species.
We present here preliminary results including the dating of all sediment sequences as well as their chemical logging and sedimentological description. This already revealed the recurrence of Holocene volcanic eruptions as well as erosion patterns that are comparable among different records. The recognition of tephra layers will further allow the synchronization of terrestrial records together and with marine records around Kerguelen Archipelago. Paleoclimate interpretations of acquired data as well as further measurements are still
ongoing processes. However, one may already argue that we collected rare geological sequences of prime importance in the quest of understanding climate patterns affecting the southern high latitudes all along the Holocene.
1. Lamy. et al. 2015. in Integr. Anal. of Intergl. Clim. Dyn. Schulz & Paul eds., 75–81 (Springer)
2. Rebolledo et al. 2015. Quat. Res. 84, 21–36
3. Agosta et al. 2015. Clim. Res. 62, 219–240
4. Van der Putten et al 2015. Quat. Sci. Rev. 122, 142–157 |
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1094 |
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yes |
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6575 |
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Author |
Støren, E., Bakke, J., Arnaud, F., Poulenard, J., Fanget, B., Malet, E., Sabatier, P. |
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Title |
Holocene glacier activity on Kerguelen Island : preliminary results from a novel proglacial lake sediment record |
Type |
Communication |
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Year |
2016 |
Publication |
European geophysical union (egu), viennes, austria. |
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The Polar-regions are changing rapidly as greenhouse warming is continuing with huge impact on e.g. sea ice extent and snow cover. This change triggers teleconnections to low latitude areas challenging societies and human activity. We have, however, very little quantitative information of past climate in the Polar-regions that can be used to evaluate the potential responses and the response patterns to forcing changes and changes in boundary
conditions. Whatever anthropogenic changes may occur in the future, they will be superimposed on, and interact with, natural climate variations due to all the forcing we are aware of. This means we need to better document past climate/environmental variability of the Polar-regions. Especially in the Southern Ocean there are few time series recording past climate due to few suitable land areas and the few Sub-Antarctic Islands is remote and has cumbersome logistics. Continuous terrestrial records from this region are therefore urgently needed for constraining future scenarios from earth system models. Glaciers and ice caps are still ubiquitous in the Polar-regions, although they are rapidly shrinking due to the on-going warming. The continuous sedimentary records produced by glaciers, which are stored in downstream lakes, represent supreme archives of past variability wherefrom quantitative information of key climate system components can be extracted. Kerguelen Island is located within the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and the Southern Westerly wind belt and contains several glaciers and smaller ice caps. Terrestrial archives recording past history of the glaciers at Kerguelen thus have a unique potential to record past changes in oceanic and atmospheric circulation patterns from southern mid-latitudes. Here we present preliminary
results from the first distal glacier-fed lake that is sampled from Kerguelen Island. A 2.8 m long sediment core was obtained from Lac Guynemer (121masl.) located at the Peninsule Loranchet at the northern part of Kerguelen Island. The lake receives glacial meltwater from Glacier Guynemer, a small cirque glacier at the Pic Guynemer (1188masl.). The sediment core was analyzed with high-resolution core scanning X-ray fluorescence (XRF), magnetic
parameters, loss-on-ignition and dry bulk density, to reconstruct past glacier variability of Glacier Guynemer. The sediment record covers the last 5000 years and show a dynamic glacier responding to the changing boundary conditions during the Neoglacial. |
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1094 |
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yes |
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6576 |
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Author |
F Bonadonna |
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Title |
The Lords of the perfumes. (plenary talk) |
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Communication |
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Year |
2016 |
Publication |
Iapc 6th international albatross and petrel conference 19–23 september 2016 barcellona, spain |
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354 |
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yes |
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6579 |
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Author |
M Berges |
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Title |
Impact of long-term manipulation on a blue petrel (Halobaena caerulea) colony from Kerguelen Islands |
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Master 2 |
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Year |
2017 |
Publication |
Ecologie et evolution université p sabatier toulouse |
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354 |
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yes |
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6581 |
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Author |
Camille reverchon |
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Title |
Etude des précipitations à Dome C sur le plateau antarctique |
Type |
Master 1 |
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Year |
2017 |
Publication |
Master's report, sciences de la terre et des planètes, environnement, université grenoble alpes. |
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Although antarcic precipitation has been studied for about half a century, the rate and occurrence of precipitation on the Antarctic Plateau are still unknown. During the summer campaign 2015-2016, a TPS-3100 (or Hotplate) precipitation gauge was set-up at Dome C to test the ability of such an instrument to measure precipitation in the climate conditions of the Antarctic Plateau. The TPS-3100 consists of two identical heated and thermally insulated aluminium disc plates. One of the plates faces up and measures the rate of precipitation, the other faces down and serves as a reference. The two plates are heated independently and maintained at a constant temperature of 75 ° C. An analysis of the data collected by the TPS-3100 and a characterization of the precipitation events at Dome C over the year 2016 were carried out in this study. Hotplate’s measurements have been found to generally disagree with ECMWF interim analyses and reanalyses and LMDZ simulations, not only in terms of quantity but also occurrence. However, it remains difficult to disentangle between errors in the measurements and those in the other datasets since there is no benchmark data set for precipitation rates at Dome C. |
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1013 |
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yes |
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6583 |
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Author |
Elodie C. M. Camprasse, Yves Cherel, Paco Bustamante, John P. Y. Arnould, Charles-André Bost |
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Title |
Intra- and inter-individual variation in the foraging ecology of a generalist subantarctic seabird, the gentoo penguin |
Type |
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2017 |
Publication |
Marine ecology progress series |
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578 |
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227-242 |
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Behavioural consistency Diving behaviour Feeding ecology Foraging behaviour Individual specialisations Pygoscelis papua Stable isotopes |
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Individual specialisations have been suggested to improve foraging efficiency by optimising individual capacity (physiological and behavioural) and reducing intra-specific competition in exploiting prey resources. In this study, we investigated the inter- and intra-individual variation in behaviour in an opportunistic forager, the gentoo penguin Pygoscelis papua, at Kerguelen Island, southern Indian Ocean. We used complementary bio-logging and stable isotope analyses, coupled with morphometric measurements, to: (1) determine the inter-individual variation in morphology and foraging behaviour; (2) quantify intra-individual variation in foraging behaviour; (3) investigate the links between consistency in foraging, distances travelled and body condition; and (4) determine if dietary specialisations exist and are maintained outside the breeding season. We show that this species exhibits a large inter-individual variation in foraging behaviour, with some individuals conducting very short trips close to the colony while others travelled considerably farther. Heavier individuals tended to forage in more distant locations, dive deeper and perform more benthic dives. Individual specialisation in behaviour was low to moderate at the population level, yet some individuals were very consistent. The rate of travel was not influenced by consistency, and there was a lack of correlation between body condition and foraging consistency. High inter-individual variation in feeding ecology and dietary specialisations outside of a single breeding season were observed, consistent with gentoo penguins being Type ‘B’ generalists (i.e. generalist populations composed of individuals each consuming a different range of foods). |
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394 |
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ISSN |
0171-8630, 1616-1599 |
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0171-8630, 1616-1599 |
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yes |
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6584 |
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Author |
Elodie C. M. Camprasse, Yves Cherel, John P. Y. Arnould, Andrew J. Hoskins, Charles-André Bost |
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Title |
Combined bio-logging and stable isotopes reveal individual specialisations in a benthic coastal seabird, the Kerguelen shag |
Type |
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2017 |
Publication |
Plos one |
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Volume |
12 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
e0172278 |
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Keywords |
Birds Animal sexual behavior Blood Diet Ecological niches Feathers Foraging Predation |
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Abstract |
Individual specialisations, which involve the repetition of specific behaviours or dietary choices over time, have been suggested to benefit animals by avoiding competition with conspecifics and increasing individual foraging efficiency. Among seabirds, resident and benthic species are thought to be good models to study inter-individual variation as they repetitively exploit the same environment. We investigated foraging behaviour, isotopic niche and diet in the Kerguelen shag Phalacrocorax verrucosus during both the incubation and chick-rearing periods for the same individuals to determine the effect of sex, breeding stage, body mass and morphometrics on mean foraging metrics and their consistency. There were large differences between individuals in foraging behaviour and consistency, with strong individual specialisations in dive depths and heading from the colony. Stable isotopes revealed specialisations in feeding strategies, across multiple temporal scales. Specifically, individuals showed medium term specialisations in feeding strategies during the breeding season, as well as long-term consistency. A clustering analysis revealed 4 different foraging strategies displaying significantly different δ15N values and body masses. There were no sex or stage biases to clusters and individuals in different clusters did not differ in their morphology. Importantly, the results suggest that the different strategies emphasized were related to individual prey preferences rather than intrinsic characteristics. |
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1932-6203 |
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1932-6203 |
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6585 |
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