. (2008). Stable isotopes document winter trophic ecology and maternal investment of adult female southern elephant seals (Mirounga leonina) breeding at the Kerguelen Islands (Vol. 155).
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Barret Manuel, Domine Florent, Houdier Stephan, Gallet Jean-Charles, Weibring Petter, Walega James, Fried Alan, Richter Dirk, . (2011). Formaldehyde in the Alaskan Arctic snowpack: Partitioning and physical processes involved in air-snow exchanges
. J. Geophys. Res., 116, D00R03–.
Abstract: The snowpack is a photochemically active medium which produces numerous key reactive species involved in the atmospheric chemistry of polar regions. Formaldehyde (HCHO) is one such reactive species produced in the snow, and which can be released to the atmospheric boundary layer. Based on atmospheric and snow measurements, this study investigates the physical processes involved in the HCHO air-snow exchanges observed during the OASIS 2009 field campaign at Barrow, Alaska. HCHO concentration changes in a fresh diamond dust layer are quantitatively explained by the equilibration of a solid solution of HCHO in ice, through solid-state diffusion of HCHO within snow crystals. Because diffusion of HCHO in ice is slow, the size of snow crystals is a major variable in the kinetics of exchange and the knowledge of the snow specific surface area is therefore crucial. Air-snow exchanges of HCHO can thus be explained without having to consider processes taking place in the quasi-liquid layer present at the surface of ice crystals. A flux of HCHO to the atmosphere was observed simultaneously with an increase of HCHO concentration in snow, indicating photochemical production in surface snow. This study also suggests that the difference in bromine chemistry between Alert (Canadian Arctic) and Barrow leads to different snow composition and post-deposition evolutions. The highly active bromine chemistry at Barrow probably leads to low HCHO concentrations at the altitude where diamond dust formed. Precipitated diamond dust was subsequently undersaturated with respect to thermodynamic equilibrium, which contrasts to what was observed elsewhere in previous studies.
Keywords: adsorption, carbonyls, diffusion, halogen, solid-solution, 0322 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Constituent sources and sinks, 0365 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Troposphere: composition and chemistry, 0736 Cryosphere: Snow (1827, 1863), 3307 Atmospheric Processes: Boundary layer processes, 9315 Geographic Location: Arctic region (0718, 4207),
Programme: 1017
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Voisin Didier, Jaffrezo Jean-Luc, Houdier Stphan, Barret Manuel, Cozic Julie, King Martin D, France James L, Reay Holly J, Grannas Amanda, Kos Gregor, Ariya Parisa A, Beine Harry J, Domine Florent, . (2012). Carbonaceous species and humic like substances (HULIS) in Arctic snowpack during OASIS field campaign in Barrow
. J. Geophys. Res., 117, D00R19–.
Abstract: Snowpacks contain many carbonaceous species that can potentially impact on snow albedo and arctic atmospheric chemistry. During the OASIS field campaign, in March and April 2009, Elemental Carbon (EC), Water insoluble Organic Carbon (WinOC) and Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC) were investigated in various types of snow: precipitating snows, remobilized snows, wind slabs and depth hoars. EC was found to represent less than 5% of the Total Carbon Content (TCC = EC + WinOC + DOC), whereas WinOC was found to represent an unusual 28 to 42% of TCC. Snow type was used to infer physical processes influencing the evolution of different fractions of DOC. DOC is highest in soil influenced indurated depth hoar layers due to specific wind related formation mechanisms in the early season. Apart from this specific snow type, DOC is found to decrease from precipitating snow to remobilized snow to regular depth hoar. This decrease is interpreted as due to cleaving photochemistry and physical equilibration of the most volatile fraction of DOC. Depending on the relative proportions of diamond dust and fresh snow in the deposition of the seasonal snowpack, we estimate that 31 to 76% of DOC deposited to the snowpack is reemitted back to the boundary layer. Under the assumption that this reemission is purely photochemical, we estimate an average flux of VOC out of the snowpack of 20 to 170 μgC m-2 h-1. Humic like substances (HULIS), short chain diacids and aldehydes are quantified, and showed to represent altogether a modest (<20%) proportion of DOC, and less than 10% of DOC + WinOC. HULIS optical properties are measured and could be consistent with aged biomass burning or a possible marine source.
Keywords: HULIS, OASIS, carbonaceous species, snow chemistry, snow metamorphism, 0305 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Aerosols and particles (0345, 4801, 4906), 0706 Cryosphere: Active layer, 0736 Cryosphere: Snow (1827, 1863),
Programme: 1017
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Morin S, Erbland J, Savarino J, Domine F, Bock J, Friess U, Jacobi H-W, Sihler H, Martins J M F, . (2012). An isotopic view on the connection between photolytic emissions of NOx from the Arctic snowpack and its oxidation by reactive halogens
. J. Geophys. Res., 117, D00R08–.
Keywords: halogen, isotopes, nitrate, ozone, 0305 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Aerosols and particles (0345, 4801, 4906), 0365 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Troposphere: composition and chemistry, 0454 Biogeosciences: Isotopic composition and chemistry (1041, 4870), 0736 Cryosphere: Snow (1827, 1863), 9315 Geographic Location: Arctic region (0718, 4207),
Programme: 1017
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Gouttevin I, Menegoz M, Domin F, Krinner G, Koven C, Ciais P, Tarnocai C, Boike J, . (2012). How the insulating properties of snow affect soil carbon distribution in the continental pan-Arctic area
. J. Geophys. Res., 117(G2), G02020–.
Abstract: We demonstrate the effect of an ecosystem differentiated insulation by snow on the soil thermal regime and on the terrestrial soil carbon distribution in the pan-Arctic area. This is done by means of a sensitivity study performed with the land surface model ORCHIDEE, which furthermore provides a first quantification of this effect. Based on field campaigns reporting higher thermal conductivities and densities for the tundra snowpack than for taiga snow, two distributions of near-equilibrium soil carbon stocks are computed, one relying on uniform snow thermal properties and the other using ecosystem-differentiated snow thermal properties. Those modeled distributions strongly depend on soil temperature through decomposition processes. Considering higher insulation by snow in taiga areas induces warmer soil temperatures by up to 12 K in winter at 50 cm depth. This warmer soil signal persists over summer with a temperature difference of up to 4 K at 50 cm depth, especially in areas exhibiting a thick, enduring snow cover. These thermal changes have implications on the modeled soil carbon stocks, which are reduced by 8% in the pan-Arctic continental area when the vegetation-induced variations of snow thermal properties are accounted for. This is the result of diverse and spatially heterogeneous ecosystem processes: where higher soil temperatures lift nitrogen limitation on plant productivity, tree plant functional types thrive whereas light limitation and enhanced water stress are the new constrains on lower vegetation, resulting in a reduced net productivity at the pan-Arctic scale. Concomitantly, higher soil temperatures yield increased respiration rates (+22% over the study area) and result in reduced permafrost extent and deeper active layers which expose greater volumes of soil to microbial decomposition. The three effects combine to produce lower soil carbon stocks in the pan-Arctic terrestrial area. Our study highlights the role of snow in combination with vegetation in shaping the distribution of soil carbon and permafrost at high latitudes.
Keywords: Arctic, land-surface model, permafrost, snow, snow insulation, soil carbon, 0414 Biogeosciences: Biogeochemical cycles, processes, and modeling (0412, 0793, 1615, 4805, 4912), 0475 Biogeosciences: Permafrost, cryosphere, and high-latitude processes (0702, 0716), 1622 Global Change: Earth system modeling (1225, 4316),
Programme: 1017
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Gusmeroli Alessio, Pettit Erin C, Kennedy Joseph H, Ritz Catherine, . (2012). The crystal fabric of ice from full-waveform borehole sonic logging
. J. Geophys. Res., 117(F3), F03021–.
Abstract: In an ice sheet, a preferred crystal orientation fabric affects deformation rates because ice crystals are strongly anisotropic: shear along the basal plane is significantly easier than shear perpendicular to the basal plane. The effect of fabric can be as important as temperature in defining deformation rates. Fabric is typically measured using analysis of thin sections under the microscope with co-polarized light. Due to the time-consuming and destructive nature of these measurements, however, it is difficult to capture the spatial variation in fabric necessary for evincing ice sheet flow patterns. Because an ice crystal is similarly elastically anisotropic, the speed of elastic waves through ice can be used as a proxy for quantify anisotropy. We use borehole sonic logging measurements and thin section data from Dome C, East Antarctica to define the relations between apparent fabric and borehole measured elastic speeds (compressional VP and vertically polarized shear VSV). These relations, valid for single maximum fabrics, allow in-situ, depth-continuous fabric estimates of unimodal fabric strength from borehole sonic logging. We describe the single maximum fabric using a1: the largest eigenvalue of the second-order orientation tensor. For ice at -16C and a1 in the 0.7-1 range the relations are VP = 248 a13.7 + 3755 m s-1 and VSV = -210a17.3 + 1968 m s-1.
Keywords: Ice anisotropy, borehole sonic logging, ice crystal fabric, 0726 Cryosphere: Ice sheets, 0915 Exploration Geophysics: Downhole methods, 0935 Exploration Geophysics: Seismic methods (3025, 7294),
Programme: 902
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. (2010). Photometric quality of Dome C for the winter 2008 from ASTEP South (Vol. 40).
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Beine Harry, Anastasio Cort, Esposito Giulio, Patten Kelley, Wilkening Elizabeth, Domine Florent, Voisin Didier, Barret Manuel, Houdier Stephan, Hall Sam, . (2011). Soluble, light-absorbing species in snow at Barrow, Alaska
. J. Geophys. Res., 116, D00R05–.
Keywords: HULIS, OASIS, chromophores, light absorption, snow pack, 0317 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Chemical kinetic and photochemical properties, 0322 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Constituent sources and sinks, 0365 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Troposphere: composition and chemistry, 0736 Cryosphere: Snow (1827, 1863),
Programme: 1017
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Domine Florent, Bock Josu, Morin Samuel, Giraud Grald, . (2011). Linking the effective thermal conductivity of snow to its shear strength and density
. J. Geophys. Res., 116(F4), F04027–.
Abstract: The effective thermal conductivity of snow, keff, is a crucial climatic and environmental variable. Here, we test the intuition that keff is linked to microstructural and mechanical properties by attempting to relate keff to density ρsnow, and to shear strength σ measured with a handheld shear vane. We performed 106 combined measurements of keff, ρsnow and σ in the Alps, Svalbard, Arctic Alaska, and near the North Pole, covering essentially all snow types. We find a good correlation between keff and ρsnow which is not significantly different from that of Sturm et al. (1997). The correlation between keff and a combination of σ and ρsnow is stronger than with density alone. We propose an equation linking keff, (W m-1 K-1) ρsnow (kg m-3) and σ (Pa): keff = 7.114 10-5 ρsnow σ0.333 + 2.367 10-2. This equation places constraints on the calculation of keff, ρsnow and σ in avalanche warning models where σ is a key variable. For our samples, we calculate σ from measured values of keff and ρsnow using our equation and compare the value to that predicted by the French MEPRA avalanche warning model, which uses density and grain type as input data. MEPRA and the prediction of σ based on keff and ρsnow agree within 8%. MEPRA agrees with observations within 11%. Calculating σ from density only yields values 55% lower than measured, showing the interest of using additional data to predict σ.
Keywords: avalanche, shear strength, snow, thermal conductivity, 0736 Cryosphere: Snow (1827, 1863), 0742 Cryosphere: Avalanches (4302), 0770 Cryosphere: Properties, 0776 Cryosphere: Glaciology (1621, 1827, 1863),
Programme: 1017
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Beine Harry, Anastasio Cort, Domine Florent, Douglas Thomas, Barret Manuel, France James, King Martin, Hall Sam, Ullmann Kirk, . (2012). Soluble chromophores in marine snow, seawater, sea ice and frost flowers near Barrow, Alaska
. J. Geophys. Res., 117, D00R15–.
Keywords: OASIS, chromophores, colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM), frost flowers, light absorption, marine, 0317 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Chemical kinetic and photochemical properties, 0322 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Constituent sources and sinks, 0736 Cryosphere: Snow (1827, 1863), 0750 Cryosphere: Sea ice (4540), 4807 Oceanography: Biological and Chemical: Chemical speciation and complexation,
Programme: 1017
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