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Barbraud, C., Weimerskirch, H., Bost, C.A., Forcada, J., Trathan, P., Ainley, D. (2008). Are king penguin populations threatened by Southern Ocean warming? Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 105(26), E38.
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White, J. F., Wagner, R. H., Helfenstein, F., Hatch, S. A., Mulard, H., Naves, L. C. and Danchin, E. (2008). Multiple deleterious effects of experimentally aged sperm in a monogamous bird. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 105.
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Jenouvrier S., Caswell H., Barbraud C., Holland M., Str Oelig VE J., Weimerskirch H. (2009). Demographic models and IPCC climate projections predict the decline of an emperor penguin population. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 106, 1844–1847.
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Fraser C.I., Nikula R., Spencer H.G. & Waters J.M. (2009). Kelp genes reveal effects of subantarctic sea ice during the Last Glacial Maximum. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 106, 3249–3253.
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. (2010). Patterns of aging in the long-lived wandering albatross.
. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 107(14), 6370–5.
Abstract: How does an animal age in natural conditions? Given the multifaceted nature of senescence, identifying the effects of age on physiology and behavior remains challenging. We investigated the effects of age on a broad array of phenotypic traits in a wild, long-lived animal, the wandering albatross. We studied foraging behavior using satellite tracking and activity loggers in males and females (age 6-48+ years), and monitored reproductive performance and nine markers of baseline physiology known to reflect senescence in vertebrates (humoral immunity, oxidative stress, antioxidant defenses, and hormone levels). Age strongly affected foraging behavior and reproductive performance, but not baseline physiology. Consistent with results of mammal and human studies, age affected males and females differently. Overall, our findings demonstrate that age, sex, and foraging ability interact in shaping aging patterns in natural conditions. Specifically, we found an unexpected pattern of spatial segregation by age; old males foraged in remote Antarctica waters, whereas young and middle-aged males never foraged south of the Polar Front. Old males traveled a greater distance but were less active at the sea surface, and returned from sea with elevated levels of stress hormone (corticosterone), mirroring a low foraging efficiency. In contrast to findings in captive animals and short-lived birds, and consistent with disposable soma theory, we found no detectable age-related deterioration of baseline physiology in albatrosses. We propose that foraging efficiency (i.e., the ability of individuals to extract energy from their environment) might play a central role in shaping aging patterns in natural conditions.
Keywords: Aging, Animal Migration, Animals, Birds, Birds: physiology, Feeding Behavior, Female, Male, Sex Characteristics, Sexual Behavior, Animal,
Programme: 109
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. (2010). Abrupt change of Antarctic moisture origin at the end of Termination II
. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 107(27), 12091–12094.
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Humphries Nicolas E, Weimerskirch Henri, Queiroz Nuno, Southall Emily J, Sims David W, . (2012). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 109 (19 ), 7169–7174 .
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. (2014). Nitrogen isotopes in ice core nitrate linked to anthropogenic atmospheric acidity change
. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 111 (16 ), 5808–5812 .
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. (2015). Tracking the origins of Yakutian horses and the genetic basis for their fast adaptation to subarctic environments
. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 112(50), 201513696.
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Librado P, Der Sarkissian C, Ermini L, Schubert M, Jónsson H, Albrechtsen A, Fumagalli M, Yang MA, Gamba C, Seguin-Orlando A, Mortensen CD, Petersen B, Hoover CA, Lorente-Galdos B, Nedoluzhko A, Boulygina E, Tsygankova S, Neuditschko M, Jagannathan V, Thèves C, Alfarhan AH, Alquraishi SA, Al-Rasheid KA, Sicheritz-Ponten T, Popov R, Grigoriev S, Alekseev AN, Rubin EM, McCue M, Rieder S, Leeb T, Tikhonov A, Crubézy E, Slatkin M, Marques-Bonet T, Nielsen R, Willerslev E, Kantanen J, Prokhortchouk E, Orlando L. (2015). Tracking the origins of Yakutian horses and the genetic basis for their fast adaptation to subarctic environments. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 112(50), 6889–97.
Abstract: Yakutia, Sakha Republic, in the Siberian Far East, represents one of the coldest places on Earth, with winter record temperatures dropping below -70 °C. Nevertheless, Yakutian horses survive all year round in the open air due to striking phenotypic adaptations, including compact body conformations, extremely hairy winter coats, and acute seasonal differences in metabolic activities. The evolutionary origins of Yakutian horses and the genetic basis of their adaptations remain, however, contentious. Here, we present the complete genomes of nine present-day Yakutian horses and two ancient specimens dating from the early 19th century and ∼5,200 y ago. By comparing these genomes with the genomes of two Late Pleistocene, 27 domesticated, and three wild Przewalski's horses, we find that contemporary Yakutian horses do not descend from the native horses that populated the region until the mid-Holocene, but were most likely introduced following the migration of the Yakut people a few centuries ago. Thus, they represent one of the fastest cases of adaptation to the extreme temperatures of the Arctic. We find cis-regulatory mutations to have contributed more than nonsynonymous changes to their adaptation, likely due to the comparatively limited standing variation within gene bodies at the time the population was founded. Genes involved in hair development, body size, and metabolic and hormone signaling pathways represent an essential part of the Yakutian horse adaptive genetic toolkit. Finally, we find evidence for convergent evolution with native human populations and woolly mammoths, suggesting that only a few evolutionary strategies are compatible with survival in extremely cold environments.
Programme: 1038
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