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Bon Cecile, Della Penna Alice, d'Ovidio Francesco, Y P Arnould John, Poupart Timothée, Bost Charles-André, |
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Title |
Influence of oceanographic structures on foraging strategies: Macaroni penguins at Crozet Islands.
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2015 |
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Movement ecology |
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3 |
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1 |
Pages |
32-32 |
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BACKGROUND: In the open ocean, eddies and associated structures (fronts, filaments) have strong influences on the foraging activities of top-predators through the enhancement and the distribution of marine productivity, zooplankton and fish communities. Investigating how central place foragers, such as penguins, find and use these physical structures is crucial to better understanding their at-sea distribution. In the present study, we compared the travel heading and speed of the world's most abundant penguin, the Macaroni penguin (Eudyptes chrysolophus), with the distribution of surface physical structures (large-scale fronts, eddies and filaments).
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2051-3933 |
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yes |
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6077 |
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McCOY, K.D. |
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Title |
Seabird ticks as model systems to study the evolution of host specialization and its cascading effects on arthropod-borne infectious agents |
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Conference - International - Communication |
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Year |
2015 |
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Keynote talk in the Symposium 'HOST-PARASITE INTERACTIONS IN SEABIRDS: EVOLUTIONARY ECOLOGY AND ECO-EPIDEMIOLOGICAL ISSUES' (organized by Thierry BOULINIER & Sarah BURTHE) of the 2nd World Seabird Conference, Cape Town, South Africa, October 2015.
Abstract: Nest ectoparasites are common components of the seabird breeding environment whose presence can have major consequences for seabird reproductive success and population dynamics. Ticks are among the most frequent parasite inhabitants of seabird colonies and are known to have direct major impacts on the birds when infestations are high, as well as indirect effects via the transmission of infectious agents. As seabirds show strong seasonality in colony attendance and these parasites are temporary, associated with the host only during the bloodmeal, ticks have evolved well-adapted life history strategies to successfully exploit both their biotic (seabird) and abiotic (colony) environments. However, different seabird species frequently breed within the same colony, setting up an interesting dilemma for a parasite: specialize to exploit a single host type, or remain a generalist and exploit less well each host type ? In this talk, I address this question by focusing on work that we have carried out on a model system involving a ubiquitous seabird ectoparasite, the tick Ixodes uriae, which has a bipolar distribution. I present patterns of contemporary population genetic structure of this tick at the within-colony scale from distinct regions of its worldwide distribution and link this structure to phenotypic patterns of host-associated specialisation. As this tick transmits an array of vector-borne disease agents, including human Lyme disease bacteria, I follow up with a discussion on how adaptation to the seabird host may cascade down to alter the epidemiology and evolutionary pathway of tick-borne microparasites. Finally, I will outline how comparative studies that we are currently developing with another widespread seabird tick, the soft tick Carios capensis, should shed further light on cascading effects of vector ecology and evolution on the circulation of tick-borne agents at broad geographic scales.
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1151 |
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yes |
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6076 |
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Lesur Vincent, Rother Martin, Wardinski Ingo, Schachtschneider Reyko, Hamoudi Mohamed, Chambodut Aude, |
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Title |
Parent magnetic field models for the IGRF-12GFZ-candidates
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2015 |
Publication |
Earth, Planets and Space |
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Volume |
67 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
87-87 |
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We propose candidate models for IGRF-12. These models were derived from parent models built from 10 months of Swarm satellite data and 1.5 years of magnetic observatory data. Using the same parameterisation, a magnetic field model was built from a slightly extended satellite data set. As a result of discrepancies between magnetic field intensity measured by the absolute scalar instrument and that calculated from the vector instrument, we re-calibrated the satellite data. For the calibration, we assumed that the discrepancies resulted from a small perturbing magnetic field carried by the satellite, with a strength and orientation dependent on the Sun’s position relative to the satellite. Scalar and vector data were reconciled using only a limited number of calibration parameters. The data selection process, followed by the joint modelling of the magnetic field and Euler angles, leads to accurate models of the main field and its secular variation around 2014.0. The obtained secular variation model is compared with models based on CHAMP satellite data. The comparison suggests that pulses of magnetic field acceleration that were observed on short time scales average-out over a decade. |
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139 |
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Springer |
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1343-8832 |
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yes |
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6075 |
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BOULINIER Thierry, RAMOS Raul, SANZ-AGUILAR Ana BURTHE, Sarah, POISBLEAU Maud, WEIMERSKIRCH Henri, QUILLFELDT Petra, GONZALEZ-SOLIS Jacob, JAEGER Audrey, DELORD Karine, CUNNINGHAM Emma, DAUNT Francis, TVERAA Torkild, STASZEWSKI Vincent, TORNOS Jérémy and GARNIER Romain |
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Title |
Temporal persistence of antibodies in shearwaters, petrels, albatrosses, kittiwakes, shags, auks and penguins: a comparative approach of a neglected life history trait. |
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Conference - International - Communication |
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Year |
2015 |
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Keynote talk in the Symposium 'HOST-PARASITE INTERACTIONS IN SEABIRDS: EVOLUTIONARY ECOLOGY AND ECO-EPIDEMIOLOGICAL ISSUES' (organized by Thierry BOULINIER & Sarah BURTHE) of the 2nd World Seabird Conference, Cape Town, South Africa, October 2015.
Abstract: Birds have been key species for the study of the immune system of vertebrates. B lymphocytes, which are responsible for the production of antibodies, have for instance taken their name from the ‘Bursa of Fabritius’ of chickens. But birds are not only chickens and comparative approaches of the immune system of particular species such as seabirds may reveal insight of relevance for evolutionary ecology, eco-epidemiology and biomedicine. Here we report results of field studies on the temporal persistence of maternal antibodies in seabird nestlings. Maternal antibodies transferred to the newborn are expected to play various roles and they may reveal how evolution has shaped the persistence of antibodies. The temporal persistence of those antibodies has recently been shown to last more than several weeks post-hatching in the Cory’s shearwater, a long lived Procelariiform species which displays a long chick rearing period. In order to explore further to what extent species differ in the persistence of maternal antibodies, we implemented comparable transgenerational vaccination experiments in a set of seabird species. Our result show that the rate of decay of antibodies against a vaccine was also slow in two other Procelariiform species, notably the European storm petrel, but that it did not differ from what was known for quail and chickens (half-lives of about 5 days) for a set of seabird species from other taxa. These results call for further work on the evolutionary ecology of this immunological trait, which could have implications in biomedicine but also for conservation.
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1151 |
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yes |
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6074 |
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Jaeger, J., Lebarbenchon, C., Thiebot, J.-B., Delord, K., Marteau, C., Dellagi, K., Barbraud, C., Boulinier, T., Tortosa, P. & Weimerskirch, H. |
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Title |
Diseases of endangered seabirds on Amsterdam island: tracking etiologic agents and introduction of biosecurity measures |
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Conference - International - Communication |
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Year |
2015 |
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Invited talk in the Symposium 'SEABIRD HEALTH' of the 2nd World Seabird Conference, Cape Town, South Africa, October 2015.
Infectious diseases have the potential to cause rapid declines and extinction in endangered vertebrate species. Animals in Antarctica and in the surrounding islands of the Southern Ocean have evolved in relative isolation and are likely to be particularly sensitive to the introduction of pathogens. In spite of this spatial isolation, increased exposition to humans and exotic species has generated opportunities for the introduction of pathogens to native and endemic species. A dramatic example is the recurrent chick mortality occurring in seabird populations of Amsterdam Island, where breeds the endangered and endemic Amsterdam albatross. On this island, the impact and extent of epizootics have increased during the last ten years and stress the urgent need for (1) the identification of the etiologic agents involved in these epizootics, and (2) the investigation of the epizootiology of these pathogens to better understand the ecology of the disease and accordingly define mitigation and prevention methods. Based on molecular analyses, we provide evidence for the presence of two potentially pathogenic bacteria species, Pasteurella multocida and Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, in the five seabird species breeding on Amsterdam. Demographic parameters and count surveys conducted on these species suggested that epizootics might affect only three of them, the sooty and yellow-nosed albatrosses and northern rockhopper penguins. P. multocida was isolated in pure culture on corpses of the two former species, which strongly suggests the role of this agent in the deaths reported. Genetic characterization of the isolates suggests that the bacteria could have been introduced to the island, where poultry have been locally reared until the last decade. Although there has not been evidence of epizootics in the Amsterdam albatross, recurrent chick mortalities on this species would have dramatic consequences. Strict biosecurity procedures have been designed and applied to limit the risk of dispersion of pathogens among the different populations, in particular during the course of bird monitoring by scientists. |
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1151 |
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yes |
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6073 |
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Sanguino Laura, Franqueville Laure, Vogel Timothy M, Larose Catherine, |
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Linking environmental prokaryotic viruses and their host through CRISPRs.
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2015 |
Publication |
FEMS microbiology ecology |
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Volume |
91 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
fiv046-fiv046 |
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Keywords |
Arctic Regions, Bacteria, Bacteria: genetics, Bacteria: isolation & purification, Bacteria: virology, Bacteriophages, Bacteriophages: genetics, Base Sequence, Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic, Computational Biology, Ecosystem, Environment, Genome, Bacterial, Genome, Bacterial: genetics, Ice Cover, Ice Cover: microbiology, Ice Cover: virology, Metagenome, Metagenomics, Norway, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S: genetics, Soil Microbiology, Virus Physiological Phenomena, Virus Physiological Phenomena: genetics, |
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Abstract |
The ecological pressure that viruses place on microbial communities is not only based on predation, but also on gene transfer. In order to determine the potential impact of viruses and transduction, we need a better understanding of the dynamics of interactions between viruses and their hosts in the environment. Data on environmental viruses are scarce, and methods for tracking their interactions with prokaryotes are needed. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPRs), which contain viral sequences in bacterial genomes, might help document the history of virus-host interactions in the environment. In this study, a bioinformatics network linking viruses and their hosts using CRISPR sequences obtained from metagenomic data was developed and applied to metagenomes from Arctic glacial ice and soil. The application of our network approach showed that putative interactions were more commonly detected in the ice samples than the soil which would be consistent with the ice viral-bacterial interactions being more dynamic than those in soil. Further analysis of the viral sequences in the CRISPRs indicated that Ralstonia phages might be agents of transduction in the Arctic glacial ice.
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399 |
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The Oxford University Press |
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yes |
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6072 |
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Bonne Jean-Louis, Steen-Larsen Hans Christian, Risi Camille, Werner Martin, Sodemann Harald, Lacour Jean-Lionel, Fettweis Xavier, Cesana Grégory, Delmotte Marc, Cattani Olivier, Vallelonga Paul, Kjaer Helle Astrid, Clerbaux Cathy, Sveinbjörnsdóttir Árny Erla, Masson-Delmotte Valérie, |
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Title |
The summer 2012 Greenland heat wave: In situ and remote sensing observations of water vapor isotopic composition during an atmospheric river event
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2015 |
Publication |
Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Geophys. Res. |
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Volume |
120 |
Issue |
7 |
Pages |
2970-2989 |
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Abstract |
During July 7-12, 2012, extreme moist and warm conditions occurred over Greenland, leading to widespread surface melt. To investigate the physical processes during the atmospheric moisture transport of this event, we study the water vapour isotopic composition using surface in situ observations in Bermuda Island, South Greenland coast (Ivittuut) and Northwest Greenland ice sheet (NEEM), as well as remote sensing observations (IASI instrument on-board MetOp-A), depicting propagation of similar surface and mid-tropospheric humidity and δD signals. Simulations using Lagrangian moisture source diagnostic and water tagging in a regional model showed that Greenland was affected by an atmospheric river transporting moisture from the western subtropical North Atlantic Ocean, which is coherent with observations of snow pit impurities deposited at NEEM. At Ivittuut, surface air temperature, humidity and δD increases are observed. At NEEM, similar temperature increase is associated with a large and long-lasting ~100 δD enrichment and ~15 deuterium excess decrease, thereby reaching Ivittuut level. We assess the simulation of this event in two isotope-enabled atmospheric general circulation models (LMDz-iso and ECHAM5-wiso). LMDz-iso correctly captures the timing of propagation for this event identified in IASI data but depict too gradual variations when compared to surface data. Both models reproduce the surface meteorological and isotopic values during the event but underestimate the background deuterium excess at NEEM. Cloud liquid water content parametrization in LMDz-iso poorly impacts the vapour isotopic composition. Our data demonstrate that during this atmospheric river event the deuterium excess signal is conserved from the moisture source to Northwest Greenland. |
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1134 |
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0148-0227 |
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yes |
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6071 |
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Lavrillier A. |
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Méthodes, résultats et enjeux de la recherche transdisciplinaire (savoirs autochtones et scientifiques) sur les changements globaux en Sibérie, Conférence “L’Arctique, sentinelle du réchauffement climatique”, FACTS, French Ameri-Can Climate Talks, Musée de la Civilisation, Quebec, 7 octobre. |
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Conference - International - Communication |
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2015 |
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1127 |
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yes |
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6070 |
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Beitzel Barriquand Tamara, Bouruet-Aubertot Pascale, Cuypers Yannis, Vivier Frédéric, Lourenço Antonio, Le Goff Hervé, |
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The impacts of stratification on high latitude ocean mixing: A case study of internal waves in Storfjorden, Svalbard
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2015 |
Publication |
Continental Shelf Research |
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Volume |
110 |
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162-182 |
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Arctic, Internal waves, Mixing, Storfjorden, Stratification, Turbulence, |
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Abstract |
Hydrographic and velocity measurements were taken over four different time periods from April to May 2005–2007 at adjacent stations in Storfjorden, Svalbard. Different environmental conditions, including winds, ice cover, and water mass contributions, yield notably different stratification (N2) profiles among the time series. When classified according to the Gerkema (2001) classification system, the stratification profiles span the spectrum with two profiles resembling that of a two-layer fluid, one resembling more closely a fluid of constant stratification, and one falling in between the two extremes. The different N2 profiles elicit sharply contrasting modal responses from the internal wave field, which is dominated by mode 1 during the two time series most resembling a two-layer fluid, and nearly evenly spread out among the first five modes during the time series with a nearly constant stratification. Turbulent dissipation rates determined from fine-scale parameterizations reveal an average rate on the order of 10−9Wkg−1 for all time series with an associated average diapycnal diffusivity of 10−5m2s−1–10−4m2s−1. Turbulent heat fluxes, determined from the estimated turbulent dissipation rates, ϵ, were found to have a relative maximum at the tops of the pycnoclines, with values up to 1Wm−2, typical of ice-covered conditions. The turbulent dissipation rate and diapycnal diffusivities for each time series vary with the Gerkema (2001) stratification profile rankings, and are elevated for the time series most resembling a fluid of constant stratification, and reduced for the time series most similar to a two-layer fluid. |
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1015 |
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0278-4343 |
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yes |
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6069 |
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Librado Pablo, Der Sarkissian Clio, Ermini Luca, Schubert Mikkel, Jónsson Hákon, Albrechtsen Anders, Fumagalli Matteo, Yang Melinda A, Gamba Cristina, Seguin-Orlando Andaine, Mortensen Cecilie D, Petersen Bent, Hoover Cindi A, Lorente-Galdos Belen, Nedoluzhko Artem, Boulygina Eugenia, Tsygankova Svetlana, Neuditschko Markus, Jagannathan Vidhya, Thèves Catherine, Alfarhan Ahmed H, Alquraishi Saleh A, Al-Rasheid Khaled A S, Sicheritz-Ponten Thomas, Popov Ruslan, Grigoriev Semyon, Alekseev Anatoly N, Rubin Edward M, McCue Molly, Rieder Stefan, Leeb Tosso, Tikhonov Alexei, Crubézy Eric, Slatkin Montgomery, Marques-Bonet Tomas, Nielsen Rasmus, Willerslev Eske, Kantanen Juha, Prokhortchouk Egor, Orlando Ludovic, |
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Title |
Tracking the origins of Yakutian horses and the genetic basis for their fast adaptation to subarctic environments
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2015 |
Publication |
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |
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Volume |
112 |
Issue |
50 |
Pages |
201513696-201513696 |
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Abstract |
Yakutia, Sakha Republic, in the Siberian Far East, represents one of the coldest places on Earth, with winter record temperatures dropping below -70 °C. Nevertheless, Yakutian horses survive all year round in the open air due to striking phenotypic adaptations, including compact body conformations, extremely hairy winter coats, and acute seasonal differences in metabolic activities. The evolutionary origins of Yakutian horses and the genetic basis of their adaptations remain, however, contentious. Here, we present the complete genomes of nine present-day Yakutian horses and two ancient specimens dating from the early 19th century and ∼5,200 y ago. By comparing these genomes with the genomes of two Late Pleistocene, 27 domesticated, and three wild Przewalski's horses, we find that contemporary Yakutian horses do not descend from the native horses that populated the region until the mid-Holocene, but were most likely introduced following the migration of the Yakut people a few centuries ago. Thus, they represent one of the fastest cases of adaptation to the extreme temperatures of the Arctic. We find cis-regulatory mutations to have contributed more than nonsynonymous changes to their adaptation, likely due to the comparatively limited standing variation within gene bodies at the time the population was founded. Genes involved in hair development, body size, and metabolic and hormone signaling pathways represent an essential part of the Yakutian horse adaptive genetic toolkit. Finally, we find evidence for convergent evolution with native human populations and woolly mammoths, suggesting that only a few evolutionary strategies are compatible with survival in extremely cold environments. |
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1038 |
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0027-8424 |
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yes |
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6068 |
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