Jacques Blondel, avec la collaboration de David Grémillet. (2015). Oiseaux et changement global – menace ou aubaine?.
Abstract: Editions Quae
Programme: 388
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Viblanc Vincent A, Smith Andrew D, Gineste Benoit, Kauffmann Marion, Groscolas René, . (2015). Modulation of heart rate response to acute stressors throughout the breeding season in the king penguin Aptenodytes patagonicus.
. The Journal of experimental biology, 218(Pt 11), 1686–92.
Abstract: 'Fight-or-flight' stress responses allow animals to cope adaptively to sudden threats by mobilizing energy resources and priming the body for action. Because such responses can be costly and redirect behavior and energy from reproduction to survival, they are likely to be shaped by specific life-history stages, depending on the available energy resources and the commitment to reproduction. Here, we consider how heart rate (HR) responses to acute stressors are affected by the advancing breeding season in a colonial seabird, the king penguin (Aptenodytes patagonicus). We subjected 77 birds (44 males, 33 females) at various stages of incubation and chick-rearing to three experimental stressors (metal sound, distant approach and capture) known to vary both in their intensity and associated risk, and monitored their HR responses. Our results show that HR increase in response to acute stressors was progressively attenuated with the stage of breeding from incubation to chick-rearing. Stress responses did not vary according to nutritional status or seasonal timing (whether breeding was initiated early or late in the season), but were markedly lower during chick-rearing than during incubation. This pattern was obvious for all three stressors. We discuss how 'fight-or-flight' responses may be modulated by considering the energy commitment to breeding, nutritional status and reproductive value of the brood in breeding seabirds.
Programme: 119
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McCoy, Karen. (2015). Seabird ticks as model systems to study the evolution of host specialization and its cascading effects on arthropod-borne infectious agents.
Abstract: Keynote talk in the Symposium 'HOST-PARASITE INTERACTIONS IN SEABIRDS: EVOLUTIONARY ECOLOGY AND ECO-EPIDEMIOLOGICAL ISSUES' (organized by Thierry BOULINIER & Sarah BURTHE) of the 2nd World Seabird Conference, Cape Town, South Africa, October 2015.
Abstract: Nest ectoparasites are common components of the seabird breeding environment whose presence can have major consequences for seabird reproductive success and population dynamics. Ticks are among the most frequent parasite inhabitants of seabird colonies and are known to have direct major impacts on the birds when infestations are high, as well as indirect effects via the transmission of infectious agents. As seabirds show strong seasonality in colony attendance and these parasites are temporary, associated with the host only during the bloodmeal, ticks have evolved well-adapted life history strategies to successfully exploit both their biotic (seabird) and abiotic (colony) environments. However, different seabird species frequently breed within the same colony, setting up an interesting dilemma for a parasite: specialize to exploit a single host type, or remain a generalist and exploit less well each host type ? In this talk, I address this question by focusing on work that we have carried out on a model system involving a ubiquitous seabird ectoparasite, the tick Ixodes uriae, which has a bipolar distribution. I present patterns of contemporary population genetic structure of this tick at the within-colony scale from distinct regions of its worldwide distribution and link this structure to phenotypic patterns of host-associated specialisation. As this tick transmits an array of vector-borne disease agents, including human Lyme disease bacteria, I follow up with a discussion on how adaptation to the seabird host may cascade down to alter the epidemiology and evolutionary pathway of tick-borne microparasites. Finally, I will outline how comparative studies that we are currently developing with another widespread seabird tick, the soft tick Carios capensis, should shed further light on cascading effects of vector ecology and evolution on the circulation of tick-borne agents at broad geographic scales.
Programme: 333
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Duron Olivier, Noël Valérie, McCoy Karen D, Bonazzi Matteo, Sidi-Boumedine Karim, Morel Olivier, Vavre Fabrice, Zenner Lionel, Jourdain Elsa, Durand Patrick, Arnathau Céline, Renaud François, Trape Jean-François, Biguezoton Abel S, Cremaschi Julie, Dietrich Muriel, Léger Elsa, Appelgren Anaïs, Dupraz Marlène, Gómez-Díaz Elena, Diatta Georges, Dayo Guiguigbaza-Kossigan, Adakal Hassane, Zoungrana Sébastien, Vial Laurence, Chevillon Christine, . (2015). The Recent Evolution of a Maternally-Inherited Endosymbiont of Ticks Led to the Emergence of the Q Fever Pathogen, Coxiella burnetii.
. PLoS Pathog., 11(5), e1004892.
Abstract: Q fever is a highly infectious disease with a worldwide distribution. Its causative agent, the intracellular bacterium Coxiella burnetii, infects a variety of vertebrate species, including humans. Its evolutionary origin remains almost entirely unknown and uncertainty persists regarding the identity and lifestyle of its ancestors. A few tick species were recently found to harbor maternally-inherited Coxiella-like organisms engaged in symbiotic interactions, but their relationships to the Q fever pathogen remain unclear. Here, we extensively sampled ticks, identifying new and atypical Coxiella strains from 40 of 58 examined species, and used this data to infer the evolutionary processes leading to the emergence of C. burnetii. Phylogenetic analyses of multi-locus typing and whole-genome sequencing data revealed that Coxiella-like organisms represent an ancient and monophyletic group allied to ticks. Remarkably, all known C. burnetii strains originate within this group and are the descendants of a Coxiella-like progenitor hosted by ticks. Using both colony-reared and field-collected gravid females, we further establish the presence of highly efficient maternal transmission of these Coxiella-like organisms in four examined tick species, a pattern coherent with an endosymbiotic lifestyle. Our laboratory culture assays also showed that these Coxiella-like organisms were not amenable to culture in the vertebrate cell environment, suggesting different metabolic requirements compared to C. burnetii. Altogether, this corpus of data demonstrates that C. burnetii recently evolved from an inherited symbiont of ticks which succeeded in infecting vertebrate cells, likely by the acquisition of novel virulence factors.
Programme: 333
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Ponchon Aurore, Chambert Thierry, Lobato Elisa, Tveraa Torkild, Grémillet David, Boulinier Thierry, . (2015). Breeding failure induces large scale prospecting movements in the black-legged kittiwake
. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 473, 138–145.
Abstract: Before making dispersal decisions, many species are known to gather social information by prospecting potential future breeding sites, especially when they have failed breeding. So far, the role of current breeding performance on the occurrence of prospecting movements has mainly been studied at limited spatial scales, because of difficulties in tracking free-ranging, fast-moving individuals between distant breeding patches. Little information is thus available on individual behaviour and the spatial extent of prospecting movements in response to breeding failure. To address this issue, black-legged kittiwakes which breeding success was manipulated were tracked with GPS at the end of incubation in two Norwegian colonies. Crucially, and as predicted, prospecting visits to other breeding colonies were recorded in 33% of artificially-failed breeders, but never in successful ones. They occurred at large (40km) as well as local spatial scales (1km). Time-budgets of successful and failed breeders differed significantly in terms of trip duration, but also foraging, resting and nesting propensities. These results provide important elements to assess trade-offs between prospecting and other activities. They show that a substantial proportion of failed breeders prospect as early as within a week after failure at the egg stage and suggest that these individuals assess their options of future reproduction by prospecting alternative areas, although dispersal decisions may also involve more complex behavioural processes. Because they link breeding colonies situated tens of kilometres apart, prospecting movements may have critical implications for the dynamics of subdivided populations.
Keywords: Breeding habitat selection, Conspecific reproductive success, Dispersal decisions, Rissa tridactyla, Site fidelity, Social information use,
Programme: 333
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Willener Astrid S T, Halsey Lewis G, Strike Siobhán, Enstipp Manfred R, Georges Jean-Yves, Handrich Yves, . (2015). Reassessment of the cardio-respiratory stress response, using the king penguin as a model
. Stress, 18(1), 115–120.
Abstract: AbstractResearch in to short-term cardio-respiratory changes in animals in reaction to a psychological stressor typically describes increases in rate of oxygen consumption and heart rate. Consequently, the broad consensus is that they represent a fundamental stressor response generalizable across adult species. However, movement levels can also change in the presence of a stressor, yet studies have not accounted for this possible confound on heart rate. Thus the direct effects of psychological stressors on the cardio-respiratory system are not resolved. We used an innovative experimental design employing accelerometers attached to king penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus) to measure and thus account for movement levels in a sedentary yet free-to-move animal model during a repeated measures stress experiment. As with previous studies on other species, incubating king penguins (N?=?6) exhibited significant increases in both and heart rate when exposed to the stressor. However, movement levels, while still low, also increased in response to the stressor. Once this was accounted for by comparing periods of time during the control and stress conditions when movement levels were similar as recorded by the accelerometers, only significantly increased; there was no change in heart rate. These findings offer evidence that changing movement levels have an important effect on the measured stress response and that the cardio-respiratory response per se to a psychological stressor (i.e. the response as a result of physiological changes directly attributable to the stressor) is an increase in without an increase in heart rate.
Programme: 394
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Lewden A., Van Walsum T., Bost C., Hestin T. & Y. Handrich. (2015). King penguins rewarm their skin temperature to normothermia during the night at sea: a descriptive study in condition of captivity.9th International Congress of Comparative and Biochemistry. 24-28 September, 2015. Cracovia, Poland..
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Thierry BOULINIER, Raul RAMOS, Ana SANZ-AGUILAR, Sarah BURTHE, Maud POISBLEAU, Henri WEIMERSKIRCH, Petra QUILLFELDT, Jacob GONZALEZ-SOLIS, Audrey JAEGER, Karine DELORD, Emma CUNNINGHAM, Francis DAUNT, Torkild TVERAA, Vincent STASZEWSKI, Jérémy TORNOS and Romain GARNIER. (2015). Temporal persistence of antibodies in shearwaters, petrels, albatrosses, kittiwakes, shags, auks and penguins: a comparative approach of a neglected life history trait..
Abstract: Keynote talk in the Symposium 'HOST-PARASITE INTERACTIONS IN SEABIRDS: EVOLUTIONARY ECOLOGY AND ECO-EPIDEMIOLOGICAL ISSUES' (organized by Thierry BOULINIER & Sarah BURTHE) of the 2nd World Seabird Conference, Cape Town, South Africa, October 2015.
Abstract: Birds have been key species for the study of the immune system of vertebrates. B lymphocytes, which are responsible for the production of antibodies, have for instance taken their name from the ‘Bursa of Fabritius’ of chickens. But birds are not only chickens and comparative approaches of the immune system of particular species such as seabirds may reveal insight of relevance for evolutionary ecology, eco-epidemiology and biomedicine. Here we report results of field studies on the temporal persistence of maternal antibodies in seabird nestlings. Maternal antibodies transferred to the newborn are expected to play various roles and they may reveal how evolution has shaped the persistence of antibodies. The temporal persistence of those antibodies has recently been shown to last more than several weeks post-hatching in the Cory’s shearwater, a long lived Procelariiform species which displays a long chick rearing period. In order to explore further to what extent species differ in the persistence of maternal antibodies, we implemented comparable transgenerational vaccination experiments in a set of seabird species. Our result show that the rate of decay of antibodies against a vaccine was also slow in two other Procelariiform species, notably the European storm petrel, but that it did not differ from what was known for quail and chickens (half-lives of about 5 days) for a set of seabird species from other taxa. These results call for further work on the evolutionary ecology of this immunological trait, which could have implications in biomedicine but also for conservation.
Programme: 333
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Lavrillier A. (2015). The BRISK project. Cop 21 side event « Faire face aux changements climatiques / Les apports de la recherche collaborative sur projets » organisé par l’ANR – 6 juillet – Maison de la Chimie.
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Roturier S., Roué M. (2015). Le pâturage, c’est toute une science ! Savoirs écologiques sur la neige et représentation samie du pâturage. Techniques et Culture, 63, 92–109.
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