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Bernard E., Tolle F. (2016). Évolution contemporaine des glaciers arctiques – exemple de l’Austre Lovénbreen (79°N) .
Abstract: L’Arctique en mutation, Les mémoires du laboratoire de géomorphologie, éd. EPHE, coordination : D. Joly.
Programme: 1108
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Griselin, M., Marlin, C. and Friedt J.M. (2016). Fluctuations climatiques récentes en Arctique : l’exemple du Spitsberg occidental. L’Arctique en mutation, coordination Joly D.Les mémoires du laboratoire de géomorphologie, EPHE, Paris, France (Vol. 46).
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Laura Coquereau, Jacques Grall, Laurent Chauvaud, Cédric Gervaise, Jacques Clavier, Aurélie Jolivet, Lucia Di Iorio. (2016). Sound production and associated behaviours of benthicinvertebrates from a coastal habitat in the north?east Atlantic. 0025-3162, 163(127).
Abstract: Maerl beds are among the most endangered habitats in coastal temperate waters and a priority for conservation. Passive acoustics is a potential non-intrusive approach for surveying this fragile ecosystem with minor disturbances. Invertebrate sounds can be major contributors to natural coastal soundscapes but are not well studied. We conducted controlled tank-based experiments to identify sound-producing invertebrates inhabiting northeast Atlantic maerl beds and to characterise their sounds in terms of frequency features and source levels. We also determined which sound types are able to be detected above natural maerl ambient noise and suitable for in situ monitoring. Tank recording sessions of 20 abundant and potentially soniferous invertebrates from maerl beds revealed eight soniferous species and 15 different sound types. Two new sound-producing families were identified, Calyptraeidae and Majidae. Six sound types had properties consistent with detectability and identification for in situ acoustic studies: the feeding sound of sea urchins Echinus esculentus, Paracentrotus lividus and Psammechinus miliaris, snapping sound of the snapping shrimp Athanas nitescens, and feeding and other sounds of the spider crab Maja brachydactyla. Estimated detection distances ranged from a few metres for sea urchin feeding sounds up to about 40 m for A. nitescens snaps and spider crab feeding sounds. These invertebrates, particularly A. nitescens, probably make a substantial contribution to the maerl ambient noise. This invertebrate sound library sets a basis for in situ acoustic studies.
Programme: 1090
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C. Marlin, M. Quenet , M. Griselin J.M. Friedt , F. Tolle, É. Bernard , A. Noret and G. Monvoisin. (2016). Estimate of the water balance of a deglaciating catchment on the western coast of Spitsbergen (Austre Lovén glacier CATCHMENT, SVALBARD).
Abstract: THE 22nd INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON POLAR SCIENCES –INCHEON, SOUTH KOREA, 10-11 MAY 2016Invited talk.
Programme: 1111
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Pansu J., Winkworth R.C., Hennion F., Gielly L., Taberlet P., Choler P. (2015). Long-lasting modification of soil fungal diversity associated with the introduction of rabbits to a remote sub-Antarctic archipelago. 1744-9561, 11, 20150408.
Abstract: During the late nineteenth century, Europeans introduced rabbits to many of the sub-Antarctic islands, environments that prior to this had been devoid of mammalian herbivores. The impacts of rabbits on indigenous ecosystems are well studied; notably, they cause dramatic changes in plant communities and promote soil erosion. However, the responses of fungal communities to such biotic disturbances remain unexplored. We used metabarcoding of soil extracellular DNA to assess the diversity of plant and fungal communities at sites on the sub-Antarctic Kerguelen Islands with contrasting histories of disturbance by rabbits. Our results suggest that on these islands, the simplification of plant communities and increased erosion resulting from the introduction of rabbits have driven compositional changes, including diversity reductions, in indigenous soil fungal communities. Moreover, there is no indication of recovery at sites from which rabbits were removed 20 years ago. These results imply that introduced herbivores have long-lasting and multifaceted effects on fungal biodiversity as well as highlight the low resiliency of sub-Antarctic ecosystems.
Programme: 136
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Jacques Labonne, Renaud Kaeuffer, François Guéraud,Mingsha Zhou, Aurélie Manicki and Andrew P. Hendry. (2016). From the bare minimum: genetics and selection in populations founded by only a few parents. 1522-0613, (17), 21–34.
Abstract: Question: Genetic variation is expected to control the fate of populations colonizing newenvironments, because the amount and nature of this variation influences adaptation. Thus, it isgenerally expected that the ability of populations to colonize new environments is severelycompromised if the number of founding individuals is very few.Organisms: Brown trout (Salmo trutta) are native to the northern hemisphere, but have beenwidely introduced globally, including into the southern hemisphere.Times and places: We analysed two isolated populations of brown trout introduced in 1993 tothe remote Kerguelen Islands in the sub-Antarctic region, each population being founded withthe offspring of only a single mother, and with either only one or two fathers.Methods: Scale samples were collected in 2003 and 2010 and analysed using a set of 16microsatellite markers. These data were used to calculate individual homozygosity level andvariance in inbreeding. The association between age (estimated through scale reading) andhomozygosity level was used to assess the potential consequences of low genetic variation forindividual survival.Results: The two populations represented different outcomes. In one population, variance ininbreeding was high and a clear heterozygosity–fitness correlation (HFC) was evident: olderindividuals were less homozygous than younger individuals. Consistent with these results,homozygosity level in this population decreased from 2003 to 2010. In the other population,variance in inbreeding was low, no consistent HFC was detected, and no decline in homozygositylevel was evident from 2003 to 2010. Low genetic variation and severe initialbottlenecks through founding effects did not prevent the establishment and success of thesepopulations, one of which appears to be actively purging inbred individuals.Keywords: genetic variation, heterozygosity, inbreeding, invasion, small population.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThis study was funded by the French Polar Institute (IPEV) and Institut national de la rechercheagronomique (INRA). Full logistic support was provided by IPEV. We thank the many people thathelped us during field sampling in the Kerguelen Islands.
Programme: 1041
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Tsuruta, A., T. Aalto, L. Backman, J. Hakkarainen, I.T. van der Laan-Luijkx, M.C. Krol, R. Spahni, S. Houweling, M. Laine, M. van der Schoot, R. Langenfelds, R. Ellul, and W. Peters, Development of CarbonTracker Europe-CH4 – Part 1: system set-up and sensitivity analyses, Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., 2016a. (2016). Development of CarbonTracker Europe-CH4 – Part 1: system set-up and sensitivity analyses. Geoscientific Model Development Discussions, .
Abstract: CarbonTracker Europe-CH4 (CTE-CH4) inverse model versions 1.0 and 1.1 are presented. The model optimizes global surface methane emissions from biosphere and anthropogenic sources using an ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) based optimization method, using the TM5 chemistry transport model as an observation operator, and assimilating global in-situ atmospheric methane mole fraction observations. In this study, we examine sensitivity of our CH4 emission estimates on the ensemble size, covariance matrix, prior estimates, observations to be assimilated, assimilation window length, convection scheme in TM5, and model structure in the emission estimates by performing CTE-CH4 with several set-ups. The analyses show that the model is sensitive to most of the parameters and inputs that were examined. Firstly, using a large enough ensemble size stabilises the results. Secondly, using an informative covariance matrix reduces uncertainty estimates. Thirdly, agreement with discrete observations became better when assimilating continuous observations. Finally, the posterior emissions were found sensitive to the choice of prior estimates, convection scheme and model structure, particularly to their spatial distribution. The distribution of posterior mole fractions derived from posterior emissions is consistent with the observations to the extent prescribed in the various covariance estimates, indicating a satisfactory performance of our system. Academic paper: Development of CarbonTracker Europe-CH4 – Part 1: system set-up and sensitivity analyses. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/306338110DevelopmentofCarbonTrackerEurope-CH4-Part1systemset-upandsensitivityanalyses [accessed Apr 4, 2017].
Programme: 416
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Saunois, M., P. Bousquet, B. Poulter, A. Peregon, P.Ciais, J.G. Canadell, E.J. Dlugokencky, G. Etiope, D. Bastviken, S. Houweling, G. Janssens-Maenhout, F.N. Tubiello, S. Castaldi, R.B. Jackson, M. Alexe, V.K. Arora, D.J. Beerling, P. Bergamaschi, D.R. Blake, G. Brailsford, V. Brovkin, L. Bruhwiler, C. Crevoisier, P. Crill, C. Curry, C. Frankenberg, N. Gedney, L.H. Isaksson, M. Ishizawa, A. Ito, F. Joos, H.S. Kim, T. Kleinen, P. Krummel, J.F. Lamarque, R. Langenfelds, R. Locatelli, T. Machida, S. Maksyutov, K.C. McDonald, J. Marshall, J.R. Melton, I. Morino, S. O’Doherty, F.J.W. Parmentier, P.K. Patra, C. Peng, S. Peng, G.P. Peters, I. Pison, C. Prigent, R. Prinn, M. Ramonet, W.J. Riley, M. Saito, R. Schroeder, I.J. Simpson, R. Spahni, P. Steele, A. Takizawa, B.F. Thornton, H. Tian, Y. Tohjima, N. Viovy, A. Voulgarakis, M.v. Weele, G.v.d. Werf, R. Weiss, C. Wiedinmyer, D.J. Wilton, A. Wiltshire, D. Worthy, W.X. Xu, Y. Yoshida, B. Zhang, Z. Zhang, and Q. Zhu. (2016). The global methane budget 2000–2012. Earth System Science Data, 8(2), 697–751.
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Hazan, L., J. Tarniewicz, M. Ramonet, O. Laurent, and A. Abbaris. (2016). Automatic processing of atmospheric CO2 and CH4 mole fractions at the ICOS Atmospheric Thematic Center. Atmos. Meas. Tech., .
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L. Maccario, S. Carpenter, J. Deming, T.M. Vogel, C. Larose. (2016). Communauté microbienne du manteau neigeux couvrant la glace de mer d'un fjord arctique.
Abstract: This presentation won for the best student talk at the Journées CNFRA
Programme: 399
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