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Ricaud, P., E. Bazile, M. del Guasta, C. Lanconelli, P. Grigioni, and A. Mahjoub. (2016). Genesis of Diamond Dust and Thick Cloud Episodes observed above Dome C, Antarctica. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS, 2016, 1–54.
Abstract: From 15 March to 8 April 2011 and from 4 to 5 March 2013, the atmosphere above Dome C (Concordia station, Antarctica, 75°06' S, 123°21' E, 3233 m amsl) has been probed by several instruments and model to study episodes of thick cloud and diamond dust (cloud constituted of suspended ice crystals). 1) A ground-based microwave radiometer (HAMSTRAD, H2O Antarctica Microwave Stratospheric and Tropospheric Radiometers) installed at Dome C that provided vertical profiles of tropospheric temperature and absolute humidity to calculate Integrated Water Vapour (IWV). 2) Daily radiosoundings launched at 12:00 UTC at Dome C. 3) A tropospheric aerosol Lidar that provides aerosol depolarization ratio along the vertical at Dome C. 4) Down- and upward short- and longwave radiations as provided by the Baseline Surface Radiation Network (BSRN) facilities. 5) Space-borne aerosol depolarization ratio from the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) Lidar aboard the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO) platform along orbits close to the Dome C station. The time evolution of the atmosphere has also been evaluated by considering the outputs from the meso-scale AROME and the global-scale ARPEGE meteorological models. Two distinct periods are highlighted by all the datasets: the warm and wet periods (24–26 March 2011 and 4 March 2013) and the cold and dry periods (5 April 2011 and 5 March 2013). Combining radiation and active measurements of aerosols with nebulosity calculations, a thick cloud is detected during the warm and wet periods with high depolarization ratios (greater than 30 %) from the surface to 5–7 km altitude associated with precipitation of ice particles and the presence of a supercooled liquid water (depolarization of about 10 %) cloud. During the cold and dry periods, high depolarization ratios (greater than 30 %) to a maximum altitude of 100–500 m are measured suggesting that the cloud is constituted of ice crystals with no trace of precipitation. These ice crystals in suspension in the air are named diamond dust. Considering 5-day back trajectories from Dome C and global distributions of IWV over the Antarctic show that the thick-cloud episode is attributed to air masses with an oceanic origin whilst the diamond dust episode is attributed to air masses with continental origins. This is consistent with ARPEGE temperature and water vapour tendency favouring predominantly advection processes including microphysical processes for water vapour.
Programme: 910
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S. Tartu, F. Angelier, A. Lendvai, J.O. Bustnes, G.W. Gabrielsen, B. Moe, C. Bech, D. Herzke, P. Bustamante, P. Blévin, H. Budzinski, P. Labadie, O. Chastel. (2016). Relationships between contaminants and hormones involved in breeding decisions. 10th Arctic frontiers conference, Tromsø, Norway (24-29 January).
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P. Blévin, F. Angelier, S. Tartu, S. Ruault, P. Bustamante, D. Herzke, B. Moe, C. Bech, G.W. Gabrielsen, J.O. Bustnes, O. Chastel. (2016). Exposure to oxychlordane, a banned insecticide is associated with shorter telomeres in an Arctic seabird. 25-29 janvier 2016: Arctic Frontier Conference (AFC) à Tromso, Norvège.
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Jan Ove Bustnes, Bård-Jørgen Bårdsen, Børge Moe, Dorte Herzke, Sveinn A. Hanssen,Y Kjetil Sagerup, Claus Bech, Tore Nordstad, Olivier Chastel, Sabrina Tartu, Geir Wing Gabrielsen. (2016). Temporal variation in circulating concentrations of organochlorine pollutants in a pelagic seabird breeding in the high arctic. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY, 36(2), 442–448.
Abstract: The present study explored short-term temporal variations in circulating concentrations of 3 legacy organochlorines with different physicochemical properties (polychlorinated biphenyl 153 [PCB-153], p,p0-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene [DDE], and hexachlorobenzene [HCB]) in breeding kittiwakes (Rissa tridactyla) in a colony in Svalbard (788N), Norwegian Arctic. Concentrations were measured in blood of a large number (412–521 blood samples, depending on the data analyses) of prebreeding, incubating, and chick-rearing birds over a period of 5 years (2007–2011). The PCB-153 concentrations were equal in male and female blood in the prebreeding period, whereas females had significantly lower concentrations during incubation and chick rearing, probably because of their ability to eliminate organochlorines through egg laying. A similar temporal pattern was observed with DDE, although the lower concentrations in incubating females were not significant. Males and females had similar concentrations of HCB over all reproductive stages. The concentrations of all 3 compounds varied greatly between years. The concentrations of PCB-153 tended to decline over the study period, whereas concentrations of HCB showed an increasing trend, especially among chick-rearing males late in the season. Concentrations of PCB-153 increased approximately 2.5 times from the prebreeding to the chick-rearing period, concurrent with mobilization of body lipids (reduced body mass). A similar, but less pronounced trend was found for HCB. For DDE, however, kittiwakes had the highest concentrations in the prebreeding period, suggesting relatively high exposure in their winter areas. The present study documented large variations in circulating concentrations of legacy organochlorines among and within breeding seasons in kittiwakes, but the alterations within seasons were relatively consistent from year to year.
Programme: 330
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Pierre Blévin, Frédéric Angelier, Sabrina Tartu, Stéphanie Ruault, Paco Bustamante, Dorte Herzke, Børge Moe, Claus Bech, Geir Wing Gabrielsen, Jan Ove Bustnes, Olivier Chastel . (2016). Exposure to oxychlordane is associated with shorter telomeres in arctic breeding kittiwakes. 0048-9697, .
Abstract: Telomeres are DNA-protein complexes located at the end of chromosomes, which play an important role inmaintaining the genomic integrity. Telomeres shorten at each cell division and previous studies have shown that telomere length is related to health and lifespan and can be affected by a wide range of environmental factors. Among them, some persistent organic pollutants (POPs) have the potential to damage DNA. However, the effect of POPs on telomeres is poorly known for wildlife. Here, we investigated the relationships between some legacy POPs (organochlorine pesticides and polychlorobiphenyls) and telomere length in breeding adult blacklegged kittiwakes (Rissa tridactyla), an arctic seabird species. Our results show that among legacy POPs, only blood concentration of oxychlordane, the major metabolite of chlordane mixture, is associatedwith shorter telomere length in females but not in males. This suggests that female kittiwakes could be more sensitive to oxychlordane, potentially explaining the previously reported lower survival rate in most oxychlordanecontaminated kittiwakes from the same population. This study is the first to report a significant and negative relationship between POPs and telomere length in a free-living bird and highlights sex-related susceptibility to banned pesticides.
Programme: 330
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Bemmelen, R. v., B. Moe, S. A. Hanssen, N. M. Schmidt, and O. Gilg. (2016). Consistency of migration routes in a long-distance migratory seabird, the Long-tailed Skua.
Abstract: Animal Movement International Symposium: Bridging the Gap Between Modelling and Tracking Data, Lund, Sweden, 16-17 February 2016.http://www.canmove.lu.se/courses-workshops/workshops/animal-movement-international-symposium
Programme: 1036
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E. Nissen, J. R. Elliott, R. A. Sloan, T. J. Craig, G. J. Funning, A. Hutko, B. E. Parsons & T. J. Wright. (2016). Limitations of rupture forecasting exposed by instantaneously triggered earthquake doublet. Nature Geoscience, 9(4).
Abstract: Earthquake hazard assessments and rupture forecasts are based on the potential length of seismic rupture and whether or not slip is arrested at fault segment boundaries. Such forecasts do not generally consider that one earthquake can trigger a second large event, near-instantaneously, at distances greater than a few kilometres. Here we present a geodetic and seismological analysis of a magnitude 7.1 intracontinental earthquake that occurred in Pakistan in 1997. We find that the earthquake, rather than a single event as hitherto assumed, was in fact an earthquake doublet: initial rupture on a shallow, blind reverse fault was followed just 19 s later by a second rupture on a separate reverse fault 50 km away. Slip on the second fault increased the total seismic moment by half, and doubled both the combined event duration and the area of maximum ground shaking. We infer that static Coulomb stresses at the initiation location of the second earthquake were probably reduced as a result of the first. Instead, we suggest that a dynamic triggering mechanism is likely, although the responsible seismic wave phase is unclear. Our results expose a flaw in earthquake rupture forecasts that disregard cascading, multiple-fault ruptures of this type.
Programme: 133
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Schull Q., Dobson F. S., Stier A., Robin J-P., Bize P. and V. A. Viblanc. (2016). Beak color dynamically signals changes in fasting status and parasite loads in king penguins . Behav. Ecol., .
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Viblanc V. A., Dobson F. S., Stier A., Schull Q., Saraux C., Gineste B., Pardonnet S., Kauffmann M., Robin J-P. et P. Bize. (2016). Mutually honest? Physiological ‘Qualities’ signalled by colour ornaments in monomorphic king penguins. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. Lond., 118, 200–214.
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Xavier JC, Brandt A, Ropert-Coudert Y, Badhe R, Gutt J, Havermans C, Jones C, Costa ES, Lochte K, Schloss IR, Kennicutt MC II, Sutherland WJ. (2016). Future Challenges in Southern Ocean Ecology Research. Frontiers in Marine Science, 3, 94.
Abstract: The Southern Ocean is experiencing relentless change. The Antarctic and Southern Ocean community, represented by 75 scientists and policy-makers from 22 countries, recently met to formulate a collective vision on the priorities for Antarctic research for the next two decades and beyond. Here, we assess high-interest research areas related specifically to Southern Ocean life and ecology that, although not all retained as the 80 top priorities among the addressed scientific domains, are of considerable relevance to the biology and ecology of the Southern Ocean. As certain regions of the Southern Ocean ecosystems have witnessed abiotic and biotic changes in the last decades (e.g., warming, climate variability, changes in sea ice, and abundance of marine organisms), such an exercise was urgently needed. We concluded that basic biological information on the taxonomy of numerous organisms is still lacking in areas, such as the deep-ocean floor or the under-ice environments. Furthermore, there is a need for knowledge about the response and resilience of Antarctic marine ecosystems to change. The continuation of a long-term commitment and the development and use of innovative technology to adequately monitor the Southern Ocean ecosystems is required. Highlighting the most important Southern Ocean research topics allow the identification of the challenges and future requirements in technological development, and both research and funding strategies for the various stakeholders.
Programme: 1091
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